@article {1388,
	title = {What are the Challenges of Building a Smart City?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The recent emergence of the concept of {\textquoteright}smart cities{\textquoteright} presents challenges to city administrators for planning, managing, and governing modern cities in the digital age. Research on smart cities tends to focus on the attributes of cities at a more developed stage, instead this article departs from that trend by discussing an aspiring smart city in a small-island developing country. The purpose of the study is to examine the steps required for building a smart city against a background of the concept of smart cities, taken in the context of an empirical study of an aspiring small smart city. The main finding is that there is no single route to becoming a smart city, but rather there are critical steps that can be adopted as part of a building process for achieving that objective. This work adds value in presenting a way to synthesize the smart city concept with empirical work involving one small smart city{\textquoteright}s aspirations and achievements. The article fills a partial gap in the smart city literature and has implications for aspiring city administrators, smart city builders, persons concerned with the application of ICT to address city challenges, as well as for students of urban planning, development, and management.},
	keywords = {building smart cities, ICT and smart cities, Smart cities concept, smart city case studies, smart city initiatives},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1388},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1388},
	author = {Haven Allahar}
}
@article {1321,
	title = {What impedes the success of late mover IT clusters despite economically favorable environments? A case study of an Indian IT cluster},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {54-67},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {54},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Information Technology (IT) industry in India, is one of the major contributors to the country{\textquoteright}s growth story. It is organized in a few strong and dominant clusters across the country. Recent research focuses on the emergence, growth and success of the seven big IT clusters that account for 96.55\% of total software exports from the country. Unlike the six successful late mover clusters, there are several other late mover IT clusters that have not experienced similar growth. Why do some of the late mover IT clusters in India succeed while others fail to take off despite favorable economic conditions? This paper applies a case study method to answer this research question by examining a single cluster, using both primary and secondary data. The paper concludes with a new framework to explain how an IT cluster lacks the motivation to succeed when it has to gain traction alongside the competing dynamics of traditional businesses. We find this to be the case more so when traditional businesses are thriving and growing.},
	keywords = {Gujarat State, Indian IT industry, IT clusters, Knowledge Innovation clusters, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1321},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1321},
	author = {Harini Mittal and Punit Saurabh and Devang Rohit and Kathak Mehta}
}
@article {1365,
	title = {What Makes Value Propositions Distinct and Valuable to New Companies Committed to Scale Rapidly?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {One of the most valuable resources a company owns is the "portfolio of value propositions" to its diverse external stakeholders, such as customers, investors, and resource owners. In this article, we fill a gap in the value proposition literature by identifying features that make the value propositions of new companies different from other resources, along with factors that make them valuable. A value proposition is conceived as being what enables and improves business transactions between a new company and external stakeholders. We reason that two features in particular make value propositions of new companies distinct: (1) business transactions between a new company and one or more external stakeholders, and (2) investments to create and improve a new company{\textquoteright}s value propositions that enable business transactions. We provide a definition of "value proposition" and postulate that a value proposition will benefit a new company when it: (1) strengthens the new company{\textquoteright}s capabilities to scale; (2) increases demand for the new company{\textquoteright}s products and services; and (3) increases the number, diversity, and rapidity of external investments in the new company{\textquoteright}s value proposition portfolio.},
	keywords = {new company, scaling company value, scaling-up, value proposition, value proposition alignment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1365},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1365},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev and Christian Keen}
}
@article {1380,
	title = {Which Factors Influence a Company{\textquoteright}s Evaluation of the Contribution of Basic Research to Innovation?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {38-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {39},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper empirically analyses how individuals in companies evaluate the contributions of basic research by universities and public research institutes to industry from multiple perspectives: manager as a spokesperson of the company (science-based industry or others), position within the company (managers or inventors), affiliations of inventors (large pharmaceutical companies or biotech start-ups), and educational background. This paper focuses on the case of Japan. Questionnaire surveys were sent to managers and inventors in established companies and start-ups across several industries. This study found that, 1) the more science-oriented the company, the higher their managers evaluate academic research, 2) inventors evaluate academic research more highly than managers, 3) inventors from biotech start-ups evaluate academic research more highly than inventors from large companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and 4) the more advanced their educational background, the more highly inventors evaluate academic research. This study suggests that {\textquoteright}closeness to science{\textquoteright} is an important factor for companies to evaluate contributions of basic research to innovation. The findings also suggest that problems within the current educational system are an indirect cause of the innovation crisis in Japan.},
	keywords = {Basic research, Biotech start-ups, innovation, Pharmaceutical companies, University and Public research institute},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1379},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1379},
	author = {Hiromi S. Nagane and Koichi Sumikura}
}
@article {1246,
	title = {Women Managers and Entrepreneurs and Digitalization: On the Verge of a New Era or a Nervous Breakdown?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to examine how female managers and entrepreneurs are employing digital technologies in their working and private lives and what they think about digitalization. The material for the study was gathered through interviews with women in South Savo, Finland. The article builds on the theory of technology domestication, emphasizing the role of users in making a technology usable in their everyday contexts. The findings show that women experience challenges but also gain clear benefits when employing digital technologies. Among the challenges is that women are traditionally rather reserved when it comes to applying technology. Among the benefits is the practice-oriented stance of women towards digital technologies. Moreover, the rise of digital social media and its increasing importance in the working and business environments could make it easier for women to manage both work- and family-related communication. This may improve their wellbeing at work and help women towards equality at work. However, they need support in finding their digitalized career paths. },
	keywords = {domestication, family, ICT, technology, wellbeing, women, work},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1246},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1246},
	author = {Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman}
}
@article {1279,
	title = {Working with Startups? These are the Three Things You Ought to Know about Startup Teams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While much has been written about how startups work to develop their product, this paper focuses instead on how to manage the startup team. Based on a systematic review of current research, I present actionable insights about startup team characteristics; who they are, how they work, and how they stay together. I explain how these characteristics imply both opportunities and threats for the viability of the team and discuss how startup teams can be managed to increase the likelihood of their survival and growth. Given that the majority of startup failures are attributed to the team, not to the product, these insights are valuable both to aspiring entrepreneurs and to their external stakeholders.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, new venture teams, teamwork},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1279},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1279},
	author = {Anna Brattstr{\"o}m}
}
@article {1268,
	title = {World Heritage meets Smart City in an Urban-Educational Hackathon in Rauma},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {45-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {UNESCO World Heritage cities can become smart cities if they take into account their cultural heritage and integrate diverse actors, including universities in their innovation practices. This article addresses the hackathon as an innovation contest method in the urban and educational context. Specifically, it concentrates on hackathon design, particularly the focus of the event, as well as the outputs. Although the design plays an integral part in a hackathon, particularly in goal achievement, design has not yet been thoroughly studied in mainly descriptive hackathon research. To address the subject, this article presents a case study of a dual-focused, i.e., combined urban and educational hackathon in the City of Rauma, which has a World Heritage Old Town that aims to integrate its historical uniqueness with modern city services. As a result, the article portrays the process and outputs of a hackathon carried out with the collaboration of two higher education institutions (HEIs) and the Entrepreneur Association of Rauma. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the public sector, the article contributes to the literature on urban and educational hackathons in smart cities with a heritage context.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1268},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1268},
	author = {Anu Helena Suominen and Seija Halvari and Jari Jussila}
}
@article {1157,
	title = {What Do Business Customers Value? An Empirical Study of Value Propositions in a Servitization Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {36-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study was conducted in response to calls from the research community and industry for a greater empirical exploration of value propositions. It uses customer value-in-use as a starting point and employs empirical data on value propositions in a servitization context. The findings demonstrate how customers articulate the value-in-use, or benefits, of a selected offering. These results are subsequently used to develop value proposition elements that are aligned with these benefits. The implications for the value proposition literature and for companies in a servitization situation are discussed.},
	keywords = {customer value in use, service transition, servitization, value proposition, value-in-use dimension},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1157},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1157},
	author = {Kwesi Sakyi-Gyinae and Maria Holmlund}
}
@article {1192,
	title = {When a New Platform Enters a Market, What Is the Impact on Incumbents?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {44-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital platforms enable new forms of business models with the potential to disrupt and transform many industries. However, the impact of a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry on incumbents has not been taken into account. In this article, our objective is to provide evidence of the impact that a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry could have on incumbents. We proposed several hypotheses based on a literature review and then evaluated them using a large dataset from the taxi industry in New York City. Our analysis showed several changes after a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry. In contrast to previous understanding, the results indicate that the winner-takes-it-all-effect does not generally apply to the competition between new platforms and incumbents. Regarding the date of changes following a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry, we observed a chicken-or-egg problem in the competition between a platform and incumbents. Consequently, our results indicate that incumbents have at least one year to react to the market entry and to make adjustments. },
	keywords = {impact of market entry, incumbents, multi-sided market, platform competition, platforms, two-sided market},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1192},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1192},
	author = {Andreas J. Steur}
}
@article {980,
	title = {Weighing the Pros and Cons of Engaging in Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {34-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The positive aspects of open innovation projects are widely discussed in innovation management research and practice by means of case studies and best practices. However, enterprises, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also face miscellaneous challenges in open innovation practice, leading to uncertainty and even renunciation of open innovation project participation. Thus, it is essential for SMEs to find the right balance between possible positive effects and negative consequences {\textendash} the latter being the less studied {\textquotedblleft}dark sides{\textquotedblright} of open innovation. However, appropriate methods of finding this balance are still lacking. In this article, we discuss the assessment of open innovation project participation by presenting a weighing and decision process framework as a conceivable solution approach. The framework includes an internal, external, and integrated analysis as well as a recommendation and decision phase. Piece by piece, we investigate the current situation and the innovation goals of the enterprise as an initial point for a decision for or against engaging in open innovation. Furthermore, we discuss the development of a software tool that automatically applies this framework and allows self-assessment by SMEs.},
	keywords = {benefits, entrepreneurship, Open innovation, open innovation participation, risks, self-assessment tool, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/980},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/980},
	author = {Andr{\'e} Ullrich and Gergana Vladova}
}
@article {978,
	title = {Why National Culture Should Be at the Heart of Innovation Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {18-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over a period of decades, a substantial body of knowledge has accumulated that correlates national culture and socially and economically important behaviour, including innovation practice. National culture is an interconnected web of mental models that is shared by national groups and transcends the individual. It is highly influential in moderating the cognition and behaviour of groups and individuals. Different resources, including cognition and behaviour, are required at the different stages of the innovation process, and the context, including national culture (within which innovation is practiced), is an important consideration in designing strategy. Because innovation is a psychological and social process, understanding how national culture moderates that cognition and behaviour within the different stages of the innovation process and how the wider innovation ecosystem impacts innovation practice is central to understanding, strategizing and managing the innovation process. However, there has been limited application of this knowledge by practitioners. Therefore, this article examines the importance of national culture from a practitioner perspective, distilling the managerial implications and providing a list of questions that serve as a checklist to enable practitioners to analyze the implications of their own national and organizational context. },
	keywords = {creativity, implementation, initiation, innovation, national culture},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/978},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/978},
	author = {Tony Smale}
}
@article {896,
	title = {Who Inhabits a Business Ecosystem? The Technospecies as a Unifying Concept},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {31-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Currently, many terms are used to describe business ecosystems and their inhabitants. These terms have meanings that can cause definitional confusion and an ambiguous level of analysis as to what constitutes a business ecosystem. To understand business ecosystem relationships, an unambiguous understanding of the ecosystem components is required. The importance of standardized terminology and clear definitions of these components has been recognized in the literature. From a managerial perspective, identifying the relationships a firm is situated in is valuable and useful information that can be practically applied. We propose a business ecosystem model anchored around interdependent technospecies similar to the biological model that many of the existing concepts are drawn from. Technospecies are unique entities based on their organizational routines, capabilities, and use of technology. This article will present an alternative formulation of the business ecosystem model with the aim of synthesizing the diverse terminology presently in use into a concise, common language. },
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business environment, complex adaptive systems, technospecies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/896},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/896},
	author = {Michael L. Weber and Michael J. Hine}
}
@article {921,
	title = {Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Nations: Growth and Replication Strategies and Their Impact on Poverty Alleviation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	pages = {34-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The need to improve the status of women and the promotion of women{\textquoteright}s roles in development are no longer seen merely as issues of human rights or social justice. Investments in women are now widely recognized as crucial to achieving sustainable development. Economic analyses now perceive that low levels of education and training, poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources not only repress women{\textquoteright}s quality of life but limit productivity and hinder economic efficiency and growth. Therefore, the development of opportunities for women is imperative, not only for reasons of equity but also because it makes economic sense and is "good development practice". The article describes the status and background of women in South Asia and highlights the need to create women entrepreneurs for poverty alleviation. Although some women do start micro-level businesses to support themselves and their families, the contribution is minor and many of these businesses are unlikely to grow or are not viable over the long term. Thus, this article focuses on women entrepreneurship development programs in light of the challenges and regional variations facing women entrepreneurs in South Asia and identifies nine areas where such programs can be strengthened. Their successful replication and implementation, in India specifically and South Asia generally, is discussed for an international audience to raise awareness of the challenges women and support institutions have faced in achieving success in fostering women entrepreneurship. It is hoped that this narration of the Indian and South Asian experience will assist in its replication in other developing nations.},
	keywords = {developing nations, poverty alleviation, women entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship development programs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/921},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/921},
	author = {Hina Shah and Punit Saurabh}
}
@article {791,
	title = {Widening the Perspective on Industrial Innovation: A Service-Dominant-Logic Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {31-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The servitization of industry has progressed from services as add-ons to services as solutions. Today, industrial innovation needs an even broader perspective that moves towards service-dominant logic. This logic emphasizes value co-creation in actor-to-actor networks and requires new organizational structures and practices in industry. The article presents the case of a Nordic manufacturer of arc welding equipment that has gone through an extensive development program to become more customer and service oriented. An innovative offering created during the program is analyzed as an example in order to gain deeper insight about the concrete application of service-dominant logic in business. In addition to the outcome perspective, the article discusses the implications of the service-dominant logic for innovation practices. The article illustrates the behaviour of cutting-edge servitizing manufacturers and argues that similar behaviour can be expected to become a necessity in all industrial companies with large structural changes.},
	keywords = {co-development, industrial service, practice, systemic innovation, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/791},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/791},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen}
}
@article {614,
	title = {What Technology Startups Must Get Right to Globalize Early and Rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Upon or shortly after inception, growth-oriented technology startups must operate in a market that is global. Management teams and investors of technology startups can benefit from approaches and models that can help them operate in a global market early and rapidly. How well a technology startup addresses the realities of globalization will determine its success. A better understanding of what management teams and investors of technology startups must get right to globalize their startups is needed. This article is an attempt to meet this need. 

In this article, lessons that have been extracted from six literature streams and from information on 21 startups founded in 12 countries are used to identify the six elements that a startup must get right to globalize early and rapidly. These six elements are: i) Problem scope, ii) Stakeholders{\textquoteright} commitments, iii) Collaborative entrepreneurship, iv) Relational capital, v) Legitimacy, and vi) Global capability. The main contribution of this article is that it throws the spotlight on the need to develop prescriptive rules and practitioner-oriented models that can help a technology startup operate globally from an early stage. },
	keywords = {born global, effectuation logic, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, global startups, globalization, gradual internationalization, internalization, international new ventures, internationalization, multinational, rapid internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/614},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/614},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {454,
	title = {Which Gender Differences Matter for High-Tech Entrepreneurship?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {07/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {With data from successful founders of high-tech companies, we identify traits common to large majorities of them and any gender differences in those traits. There are few. Further, we identify criteria that might lead to gender imbalance among successful founders by comparing similarities and differences in the gender distribution of these traits among the general population and among successful founders. We find that signature traits of successful founders include: motivation by the desire to build wealth, and not by the inability to find traditional employment, nor because they developed a technology in a lab environment and wanted to see it make an impact; belief that startup success was due to prior industry or work experience, lessons learned from previous successes and failures, the company{\textquoteright}s management team, and good fortune, not because of state or regional assistance or alumni networks; access to mentors, and little financial pressure for a steady income. None of these dominant traits appeared to be required unequally of men and women, although some traits were unequally distributed in the general population.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/454},
	author = {J. McGrath Cohoon}
}
@article {318,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s the Value of an Eyeball? Passive Participation in Open Source Ecosystems},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Passive participants in open source ecosystems should not be viewed as leeches as they contribute value to the ecosystem. Every eyeball has value. By better understanding the roles of passive participants in the ecosystem, keystone companies can assign resources, such as community managers, more effectively and better leverage the value these participants create. The next challenge is to better quantify the value of passive contribution.

This article discusses how passive participants in open source ecosystems play an important role in value creation in the ecosystem. It examines why the value they add is not well captured by current measures and suggests areas of future research, the outcomes of which would enable keystone companies to better position themselves.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/318},
	author = {Mekki MacAulay}
}
@article {392,
	title = {When Small is Big: Microcredit and Economic Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Microcredit - the extension of small loans - gives people who would otherwise not have access to credit the opportunity to begin or expand businesses or to pursue job-specific training. These borrowers lack the income, credit history, assets, or security to borrow from other sources. Although the popularity and success of microcredit in developing countries has been trumpeted in the media, microcredit is established and growing in the United States and Canada as well. Its appeal comes from its capacity to provide the means for those who have the ability, drive, and commitment to overcome the hurdles to self-sufficiency.

In this article, the role of microcredit as a stimulant for economic development is examined. First, its importance for the establishment of small businesss is described. Second, the article provides an overview of the general microcredit climate in the United states and the local situation in the Ottawa area. Third, brief stories about individuals who have received this type of loan reveal the human impact behind the economic benefits. Finally, the role of microcredit in funding startups is analyzed in comparison to other sources of available funding. The article concludes with a summary of the benefits of microcredit as a win-win proposition for economic development.   
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/392},
	author = {George Brown}
}
@article {396,
	title = {Why Intellectual Property Will Not Save the Canadian Economy},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Notwithstanding public statements by many individuals, obtaining intellectual property (IP) rights is not the objective that will allow Canadian industry to thrive in the future. The objective for each company should be identifying and delivering relevant innovations that will appeal to consumers and which will also survive in the high-pressure environment of world competition. Surviving in business in the future will increasingly become more of a challenge due to the increasing competence of foreign competitors.

Establishing IP rights is a bonus that can make a few companies richer than they would otherwise have been. But most winners will succeed because of their focus on a consumer-based target objective - delivering customer-satisfying products at prices that will displace competitive alternatives - and not because of IP. Obtaining IP rights should not displace the focus from providing value to customers. To survive, that value should be sufficiently innovative so as to place companies ahead of competitors. Businesses will have to continue to innovate in order to stay ahead of competitors. If some businesses can acquire the comfort of meaningful IP protection, that will be a plus. However, a business has to have good fundamentals to survive and to thrive.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/396},
	author = {David J. French}
}
@article {307,
	title = {Ways of Engaging Consumers in Co-production},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As co-production becomes an important engagement for many consumers-suppliers situations, the issue of how to encourage consumers to engage in co-production becomes an important question. Marketers need to recognize that co-production is not an automatic consumer situation but a conscious decision by consumers to engage in such activities. This article presents several factors which may enhance the ability of consumers to engage in co-production. To engage consumers, marketers have to ensure that they offer those products and services that can be individually adjusted and modified, and to present them to consumers who have a higher propensity to engage in co-production activities. In order for consumers to agree to such endeavours, marketers must find what kind of benefits targeted consumers seek in such activities. Those usually encompass economic, psychological and social needs. Then, they have to offer them packages which can fulfill such needs. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/307},
	author = {Michael Etgar}
}
@article {175,
	title = {Why Give Knowledge Away for Free? The Case for Open Educational Resources},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {An apparently extraordinary trend is emerging. Although learning resources are often considered as key intellectual property in a competitive higher education world, more institutions and individuals are sharing digital learning resources openly and without cost, as open educational resources (OER). The issues of why this is happening, who is involved, and the important implications were addressed in a 2006 study carried out by the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation with the support of the Hewlett Foundation. The main conclusions are summarised here, together with some insights from a follow-up, and not yet published, study from spring 2008.

Higher education is facing a number of challenges: globalisation, an aging society, growing competition between higher educational institutions both nationally and internationally, and rapid technological development. OER is itself one of these challenges, but may also be a sound strategy for individual institutions to meet them. The trend towards sharing software programmes through open source software and research outcomes through open access publishing is already so strong that it is generally thought of as a movement. It is now complemented by the trend towards sharing learning resources: the OER movement.

OER are a fascinating technological development and, potentially, a major educational tool. They accelerate the blurring of formal and informal learning, and of educational and broader cultural activities. They raise basic philosophical issues dealing with the nature of ownership, the validation of knowledge, and concepts such as altruism and collective goods. They reach into issues of property and its distribution across the globe. They offer the prospect of a radically new approach to the sharing of knowledge, at a time when effective use of knowledge is seen as the key to economic success, for both individuals and nations.

OER projects can expand access to learning for everyone, but most of all, for non-traditional groups of students. They thus widen participation in higher education. They can be an efficient way of promoting lifelong learning, both for individuals and for government, and can bridge the gap between non-formal, informal, and formal learning.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/175},
	author = {Jan Hyl{\'e}n}
}
