@article {740,
	title = {Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous research on living labs has emphasized the importance of users and a real-life environment. However, the existing scholarly discourse lacks understanding of innovation mechanisms in diverse living lab networks, especially from the perspectives of coordination and participation. This study addresses the research gaps by constructing a framework for analyzing coordination (i.e., top-down versus bottom-up) and participation (i.e., inhalation-dominated versus exhalation-dominated) approaches in living lab networks. The classification is based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Given that inhalation and exhalation dominance have not been discussed previously in the innovation literature, the study provides novel ways for both scholars and managers wishing to exploit or explore innovations in living labs. The framework reveals the opportunities for practitioners of innovation with respect to coordination and participation in living lab networks.},
	keywords = {bottom-up, coordination, enabler-driven, exhalation-dominated, inhalation-dominated, innovation approach, Living lab, living lab network, Open innovation, open innovation network, participation, provider-driver, top-down, User-driven, utilizer-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/740},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/740},
	author = {Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {608,
	title = {A Small-Firm Perspective on the Benefits of Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {44-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Decreasing energy consumption is a global priority and the energy market is in constant change. The search for energy-saving innovations provides an opportunity to initiate a user-centered approach using the living labs model. This article describes how Process Vision, a small-yet-leading Northern European provider of energy IT systems, applied the livings labs approach to develop novel energy-efficiency management solutions. We discuss the company{\textquoteright}s participation in the APOLLON consortium, a cross-border living labs initiative on energy efficiency. More specifically, we describe the Finland-based company{\textquoteright}s experiences of a pilot project launched in the living lab and report on the perceived managerial challenges of applying the living labs approach from the perspective of a small firm.},
	keywords = {energy efficiency, Innovation management, Living lab, managerial challenges, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/608},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/608},
	author = {Veli-Pekka Niitamo and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {489,
	title = {Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company: Experiences from Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {19-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {High-technology firms have paved the way for user-driven innovations, but now even traditional industries are becoming increasingly open. This shift is a great challenge for companies with instituted practices, policies, and customer relationships. In this article, we identify four distinct steps in becoming an open innovation company based on our recent research into firms{\textquoteright} experiences with living lab experiments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. We describe these phases and illustrate the divergent roles that users play in each one. We conclude with a discussion on the differences between the management challenges of conventional development projects versus the open innovation model. For all firms that wish to become open innovators, we recommend that their managers promote an open organizational mindset and apply groupware that supports increased openness, because traditional project management tools are insufficient for open innovation. },
	keywords = {Innovation management, Living lab, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/489},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/489},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
