@article {1147,
	title = {Editorial: Frugal Innovation (April 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {development processes, emerging markets, frugal innovation, grassroots, healthcare, inclusion, internationalization, patterns, SMEs, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1147},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1147},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Deepak S. Gupta and Mokter Hossain}
}
@article {1148,
	title = {Frugal or Fair? The Unfulfilled Promises of Frugal Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovation has become a popular buzzword among management and business scholars. However, despite its popularity, I argue that the frugal innovation literature, in its present form, is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the frugal innovation literature assumes that scarcity is a normal condition of the {\textquotedblleft}Global South{\textquotedblright}. In this article, I show that this assumption neglects the fact that scarcity can be socially constructed to deny certain social sectors the access to resources essential for their flourishing. Second, despite all the good intentions underpinning the idea of {\textquotedblleft}alleviating poverty{\textquotedblright}, frugal innovation studies rarely challenge, or even discuss, the causes of destitution and social exclusion. Innovation, as well as technology, is overwhelmingly framed in an agnostic and neutral way that sidelines the socio-economic complexity of the exclusion mechanisms that cause poverty and underdevelopment. By ignoring this, the frugal innovation literature risks limiting the understanding of the problems it seeks to solve and, most importantly, it risks limiting its impact. Most frugal innovation literature, in other words, seems to elude the fact that, rather than being a mere lack of resources or technology, poverty is a matter of social justice. In order to be empowering, technology has to be value-based, normative framed, socially controlled, and democratically debated. In this article, I propose that we should use these principles to develop a new wave of frugal innovation literature and practice. },
	keywords = {frugal innovation, inclusive innovation, scarcity, social justice},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1148},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1148},
	author = {Mario Pansera}
}
@article {1151,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Frugal Innovation: Emerging Opportunities for Finnish SMEs in Brazilian Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovation has become a popular concept, in academia but also in industry at large. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about the relevance of frugal innovation to the developed world, the notion{\textquoteright}s full acceptance within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still seems far in the distance. The opportunities and barriers seen with practical implementation of frugal innovation during the development processes have received little attention. This article considers these opportunities and barriers in the context of Finnish SMEs, providing insight specifically into the approaches these companies take in Brazilian markets. Qualitative data were drawn from a case study forming part of an extensive action research-based development project called SCALA, aimed at creating suitable and scalable mobile learning services for global markets. The concepts of frugal innovation and proceeding from user needs {\textendash} essential parts of the development processes {\textendash} are examined by observing three Finnish SMEs and their top managers, with particular focus on their interaction with Brazilian partners. Development sessions and meetings shed light on how the companies perceived and responded to testing their products/services with six individual schools in Brazil. Although frugal innovation is seen as essential for guaranteeing long-term competitiveness of Finnish SMEs {\textendash} and access to rapidly growing, unsaturated emerging markets such as Brazil can be a step in the right direction {\textendash} our study highlights numerous barriers and ways to overcome them in the real-world implementation of frugality in SMEs{\textquoteright} development processes. },
	keywords = {barriers, Brazilian markets, Finnish SMEs, frugal innovation, opportunities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1151},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1151},
	author = {Mirva Hyypi{\"a} and Rakhshanda Khan}
}
@article {1150,
	title = {Patterns of Frugal Innovation in Healthcare},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {28-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations have the potential to offer simple and cost-effective solutions to the healthcare challenges of the world. However, despite the potential for frugal innovations in healthcare, this context has been rarely studied. The objective of this article is to shed some light on patterns of frugal innovations in healthcare and thereby contribute to the literature. With this aim, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and searched for innovations that were labelled as frugal and were related to healthcare. This led us to a sample of 50 frugal innovations in the healthcare sector. For each of the 50 selected examples, we examined various characteristics of the innovation, such as the country of origin, first launch market, type of innovator, type of innovation, type of care, and geographic diffusion. Our findings show that most of the frugal innovations originated in the United States, followed by India. The most frequent first launch market was India. In terms of types of innovators, academia seemed to be the strongest driver. Most frugal innovations are product innovations in the fields of neonatology and general practice. In this article, we expand on these findings and examine the relationships between individual variables to reveal further insights. Finally, we offer conclusions, an outlook for frugal innovation in the healthcare sector, and future research questions.},
	keywords = {developing economies, emerging economies, frugal innovation, global health, healthcare},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1150},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1150},
	author = {Hareem Arshad and Marija Radi{\'c} and Dubravko Radi{\'c}}
}
@article {1152,
	title = {Science Is Indispensable to Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {49-56},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In recent years, frugal innovations have become widely popular due to their no-frills nature that entails lower costs. However, most of the frugal innovations, at least at the grassroots level, are makeshift contraptions, made from indigenous ingenuity, that achieve their goals under constraints on various resources but may suffer from limited lifespans due to premature failure. Consequently, it is imperative that sound scientific principles not be overlooked or haphazardly applied in realizing these innovations, irrespective of their grassroots or sophisticated nature. This article therefore argues for the need to use science, sometimes at the cutting edge, to realize grassroots and advanced frugal innovations that are not prone to failure under various working conditions. In so doing, this work advocates the use of classical and new design methodologies that are rooted in science to save resources and, hence lower costs, while aiming for robust functionality of frugal products. In particular, a frugal design approach using a modern version of the safety factor called the {\textquotedblleft}factor of frugality{\textquotedblright} has been propounded to effectively create any type of frugal innovation from scratch. By combining the ingenuity of the resourceful creators of frugal innovations with a scientific approach that aims to make the resulting products {\textquotedblleft}fail proof{\textquotedblright}, such innovations may better contribute value to business and benefits to society.},
	keywords = {factor of frugality, factor of safety, frugal innovation, research, sustainable development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1152},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1152},
	author = {Balkrishna C. Rao}
}
@article {977,
	title = {Corporate and Grassroot Frugal Innovation: A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations aim at the development of basic solutions that are affordable for price-sensitive customer groups. This article looks at the similarities and differences between two major approaches, corporate and grassroot frugal innovation, and identifies initial ideas on how the two streams can learn from each other. The three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) provide one of the guidelines for the comparison. The research is based on an analysis of case studies from various industries, six of which are presented in this article. },
	keywords = {case studies, corporate frugal innovation, frugal innovation, grassroots frugal innovation, startups, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/977},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/977},
	author = {Liza Wohlfart and Mark B{\"u}nger and Claus Lang-Koetz and Frank Wagner}
}
@article {969,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (March 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {bootlegging, crowdfunding, emerging markets, frugal innovation, patterns, quintuple helix, underground innovation, urban living lab},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/969},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/969},
	author = {Chris McPhee}
}
@article {976,
	title = {Editorial: Managing Innovation (April 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {creativity, cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, frugal innovation, innovation, managing innovation, national culture, Open innovation, projects, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/976},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/976},
	author = {Chris McPhee}
}
