@article {948,
	title = {The Grey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study argues that there are different degrees of openness and closedness in innovation activity, and it highlights the need for more research on the "grey areas" between totally open and totally closed innovation, particularly in innovation networks where multiple stakeholders collaborate for innovation. Here, we focus on four key aspects of innovation networks, as characterized by their degrees of openness or closedness: governance, motivation, interaction, and innovation practices. The categorization is based on a review of theory and an empirical analysis of three distinct innovation networks, two of which represent the open living lab model, and one of which exemplifies the traditional closed innovation model. Our results can help managers improve efficiency in innovation networks by better understanding the grey areas between open and closed in innovation.},
	keywords = {closedness, innovation, innovation network, Living lab, Open innovation, openness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/948},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/948},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Taija Turunen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {951,
	title = {Places and Spaces within Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {37-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we propose the concepts of places and spaces as conceptual tools to facilitate the organization of innovation activities within living labs. We have taken a pragmatic perspective on these concepts regarding how they are integrated in design situations, and how different types of places and spaces can facilitate or hinder innovation. We have found that, by applying openness, realism, and influence in the different spaces of our living lab milieus, they have transformed into many different places depending on the stakeholders involved, the methods chosen, and the facilitation of activities. Hence, by understanding this line of reasoning, living lab managers can make more informed decisions and plans for innovation activities.},
	keywords = {influence, Living lab, openness, place, realism, space},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/951},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/951},
	author = {Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn and Carina Ihlstr{\"o}m Eriksson and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st}
}
