@article {1477,
	title = {Editorial: Blockchain and Digital Transformation (1/2, 2022)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1427,
	title = {The Acceptance of Digital Surveillance in an Age of Big Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {32-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {32},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {News media companies and human rights organizations have been increasingly warning about the rise of the surveillance state that builds on distrust and mass surveillance of its citizens. The COVID-19 pandemic is fostering digitalization and state-corporate collaboration, leading to the introduction of contact tracing apps and other digital surveillance technologies that bring about societal benefits, but also increase privacy invasion. This study examines citizens{\textquoteright} concerns about their digital identity, the nation-state{\textquoteright}s intelligence activities, and the security of biodata, addressing their impacts on the trust in and acceptance of governmental use of personal data. Our analysis of survey data from 1,486 Canadians suggest that those concerns have negative impacts on citizens{\textquoteright} acceptance of governmental use of personal data, but not necessarily on their trust in the nation-state being respectful of privacy. Government and corporations, it is concluded, should be more transparent about the collection and uses of data, and citizens should be more active in "watching the watchers" in the age of Big Data.},
	keywords = {Acceptance, Biometric, Citizen Privacy, digital identity, Digital surveillance, Intelligence activities, Mass surveillance, personal data, privacy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1427},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1427},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Diane A. Isabelle and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1469,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (11/12, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1452,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (Issue 7/8, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1446,
	title = {An Exploration of Blockchain-based Traceability in Food Supply Chains: On the Benefits of Distributed Digital Records from Farm to Fork},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There are growing internal and external pressures for traceability in food supply chains due to food scandals. Traceability refers to tracking food from the consumer back to the farm and vice versa for quality control and management. However, many traceability solutions have failed to meet the needs of supply chain stakeholders. Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust.},
	keywords = {blockchain, distributed ledger technology, food innovation, Food safety, food supply chain, supply chain management, traceability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1446},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1446},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Soham Nene and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {1472,
	title = {Technology Project Summaries as a Predictor of Crowdfunding Success},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {33-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {33},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdfunding has emerged in recent years as an important alternative means for technology entrepreneurs to raise funds for their products and business ideas. While the success rate of crowdfunding projects is somewhat low, scholarly understanding of what distinguishes projects that reach their fundraising goals from those that fail remains incomplete. Further, studies on crowdfunding success often examine a number of variables that make predicting success a challenge for entrepreneurs wiling to use crowdfunding. This study uses topic modelling on a data set of over 21,000 technology projects from Kickstarter to investigate if short-text project summaries can reveal predictors of fundraising success on crowdfunding platforms. The results indicate that compared to those that fail in fundraising, project summaries of successfully funded technology projects put forward more trendy topics, use wording that reflects novelty, and focus on solving a social problem. Our results contribute to theory and practice by suggesting the importance of summarizing project content for crowdfunding success.},
	keywords = {backers, crowdfunding, failure, funding, fundraising, Kickstarter, prediction, project, success, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1472},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1472},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Ishdeep Singh and Mervi Rajahonka and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1354,
	title = {Citizen Perceptions of Government{\textquoteright}s Resistance to Shared Parking},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {28-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {28},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Sharing economy services is one of the fastest growing segments in today\&rsquo;s economy, especially in urban centres. However, some cities have taken a negative stance and sought to prohibit sharing economy services, which has raised tensions between citizens and the local government. This paper adopts a case study approach to investigate what the main topics are in citizen perceptions of their government{\textquoteright}s resistance to shared parking in Ottawa, the capital city of Canada, where shared parking is considered illegal. In so doing, the study applies topic modelling on readers{\textquoteright} comments following news about local residents being threatened with legal action by the city for providing shared parking services to government employees suffering from insufficient office parking resources. Based on six identified topics, the study establishes a conceptual framework that contributes to the literature on sharing economies by illustrating how citizens perceive their government{\textquoteright}s resistance toward sharing economies. The paper considers whether sharing economy services could be an innovation that would benefit societies, and how understanding citizen perceptions through online comments can help a government to solve policy issues and create win-win resolutions.},
	keywords = {government, innovation resistance, parking, Sharing economy services, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1354},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1354},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1346,
	title = {Digitalization, Internationalization and Scaling of Online SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {48-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {48},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly required to look for growth beyond their national markets, the increasing digitalization of the global economy provides them with ample opportunities for internationalization. However, many SMEs are unable to internationalize digitally because they were not initially designed to scale that way, and managing business model scaling in the online environment is challenging. In response to this, the current study applies a quantitative descriptive analysis of survey data on business adoption of digital technologies by 535 Canadian online-based SMEs. The aim is to understand, 1) how internationally-oriented online SMEs differ in terms of their digitalization from those focused on domestic markets, and 2) how these differences are related to the companies\&rsquo; business model for scaling internationally. The results show that internationally-oriented online SMEs differ from their domestically-oriented peers, in terms of a higher degree in the 1) use of information systems, 2) extent of value networks, 3) emphasis on key internal resources, and, 4) dealing with cybersecurity issues. The study contributes to the literature by suggesting that online SMEs willing to scale internationally through digitalization need to develop a set of capabilities in regard to partnering, customer relationship, and business process management, as well as investing in information and communication (ICT) resources and cyber resilience.},
	keywords = {business model, digitalization, internationalization, scaling, SME},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1346},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1346},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1326,
	title = {The Ethical Dimensions of Public Opinion on Smart Robots},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {25-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {25},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates public opinion about smart robots, with special focus on the ethical dimension. In so doing, the study reviews relevant literature and analyzes data from the comments sections of four publically available online news articles on smart robots. Findings from the content analysis of investigated comments suggest that public opinion about smart robots remains fairly negative, and that public discussion is focused on potentially negative social and economic impacts of smart robots on society, as well as various liability issues. In particular, many comments were what can only be called {\textquotedblleft}apocalyptical{\textquotedblright}, suggesting that the rise of smart robots is a threat to the very existence of human beings, and that the replacement of human labour by smart robots will lead to deepening the socio-economic gap, and concentrating power and wealth in the hands of even fewer people. Further, public discussion seems to pay little attention to the debate on whether robots should have {\textquotedblleft}rights{\textquotedblright}, or on the increasing environmental effects of the growth in robotics. This study contributes to the extant literature on {\textquotedblleft}roboethics{\textquotedblright}, by suggesting a dendrogram approach to illustrate themes based on a qualitative content analysis. It suggests that smart robot manufacturers should ensure better transparency and inclusion in their robotics design processes to foster public adoption of robots.},
	keywords = {Content analysis., Ethics, Public opinion, Roboethics, Smart robot},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1326},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1326},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1312,
	title = {An Ethical Framework for Smart Robots},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {35},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article focuses on {\textquotedblleft}roboethics{\textquotedblright} in the age of growing adoption of smart robots, which can now be seen as a new robotic {\textquotedblleft}species{\textquotedblright}. As autonomous AI systems, they can collaborate with humans and are capable of learning from their operating environment, experiences, and human behaviour feedback in human-machine interaction. This enables smart robots to improve their performance and capabilities. This conceptual article reviews key perspectives to roboethics, as well as establishes a framework to illustrate its main ideas and features. Building on previous literature, roboethics has four major types of implications for smart robots: 1) smart robots as amoral and passive tools, 2) smart robots as recipients of ethical behavior in society, 3) smart robots as moral and active agents, and 4) smart robots as ethical impact-makers in society. The study contributes to current literature by suggesting that there are two underlying ethical and moral dimensions behind these perspectives, namely the {\textquotedblleft}ethical agency of smart robots{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}object of moral judgment{\textquotedblright}, as well as what this could look like as smart robots become more widespread in society. The article concludes by suggesting how scientists and smart robot designers can benefit from a framework, discussing the limitations of the present study, and proposing avenues for future research.},
	keywords = {AI, artificial intelligence, Ethics, Roboethics, Smart robot},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1312},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1312},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1371,
	title = {The Role of Analytics in Data-Driven Business Models of Multi-Sided Platforms: An exploration in the food industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The collection and use of data play an increasingly important role in the growth and success of today\&rsquo;s digital multi-sided platforms (MSPs). However, many aspiring MSPs lack effective strategies for using data to establish a profitable data-driven business model (DDBM). This study explores how MSPs in the food industry can utilize data to develop such a DDBM. Based on an analysis of seven illustrative cases of high-growth MSPs, namely food delivery and meal kit providers, the study identifies eight factors that reveal the role of analytics in those firms\&rsquo; DDBM, and further classifies them into three DDBM boosters. The findings contribute to our extant knowledge on MSPs and DDBM by addressing how digital platforms in the food industry can leverage big data to optimize their current business processes, predict future value of their product and service offerings, and develop their partnerships.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1371},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1371},
	author = {Diane Isabelle and Mika Westerlund and Mohnish Mane and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1389,
	title = {Social Acceptance of Wind Energy in Urban Landscapes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although wind energy has high potential as a sustainable energy source to fight climate change, and the post COVID-19 world may require accelerated transition to renewable energy systems, many wind energy projects nevertheless face community resistance. Research on social acceptance of wind energy has increased rapidly, but understanding still lacks regarding the different types of acceptance, whether or not the acceptance correlates with demographics, and what drives acceptance of wind farms in the urban landscape. Our analysis of 2,376 residents in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, focused on the gaps in understanding and identified three groups of people: Protagonists, Centrists, and Antagonists. While Protagonists are highly positive about wind energy projects in the city, Antagonists oppose them, and Centrists adopt a middle-of-the-road approach. Further, three factors matter for social acceptance in urban landscapes: 1) distance, as residents prefer offshore wind farms to be farther away from the city{\textquoteright}s inhabitants, 2) gender, as women are more accepting of wind energy compared with men, and outright opponents of wind energy are more likely men, and 3) participation, as residents wish to participate in decision-making processes regarding wind farms, but lack interest in having ownership of and responsibility for wind energy projects. The study discusses the implications of these findings for developers and policymakers of wind energy projects in the urban context.},
	keywords = {city, clean energy, Social acceptance, sustainability, wind energy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1389},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1389},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1282,
	title = {The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {40-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {40},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Novel digital technologies make it increasingly difficult to distinguish between real and fake media. One of the most recent developments contributing to the problem is the emergence of deepfakes which are hyper-realistic videos that apply artificial intelligence (AI) to depict someone say and do things that never happened. Coupled with the reach and speed of social media, convincing deepfakes can quickly reach millions of people and have negative impacts on our society. While scholarly research on the topic is sparse, this study analyzes 84 publicly available online news articles to examine what deepfakes are and who produces them, what the benefits and threats of deepfake technology are, what examples of deepfakes there are, and how to combat deepfakes. The results suggest that while deepfakes are a significant threat to our society, political system and business, they can be combatted via legislation and regulation, corporate policies and voluntary action, education and training, as well as the development of technology for deepfake detection, content authentication, and deepfake prevention. The study provides a comprehensive review of deepfakes and provides cybersecurity and AI entrepreneurs with business opportunities in fighting against media forgeries and fake news.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, deep learning, Deepfake, fake news},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1282},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1282},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1183,
	title = {Does Entrepreneurial Marketing Underrate Competition?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {16-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study aims to investigate the relationship between marketing needs and actions in entrepreneurial marketing. So doing, it explores how the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s interpretation of the needs that arise from the changes and opportunities in the business environment affects their actions in entrepreneurial marketing. We establish and test a set of hypotheses over a sample of 3,097 entrepreneur-led small firms from Finland. The results show that entrepreneurial perception of environmental pressure in terms of partners, customers, and competitors is linked to the marketing practices of small firms in terms of developing business relations, publicity, and offerings. That is, actions in entrepreneurial marketing depend on the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s ability to interpret needs based on the signals in the business environment. However, the study confirms that entrepreneurs pay less attention to competition, which affects their marketing actions, and it suggests that both research and practice of entrepreneurial marketing should pay more regard to competition.},
	keywords = {competition, entrepreneurial, environment, marketing, orientation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1183},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1183},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1200,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (December 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {analysis, constructs, cultural space, definition, ENoLL, framework, innovation, ISPIM, lean startup, library, living labs, methodology, stakeholder},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1200},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1200},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1205,
	title = {Key Constructs and a Definition of Living Labs as Innovation Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {51-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the growing popularity of using living labs as innovation platforms and the increasing scholarly attention toward the topic, still relatively little is known about many of their central characteristics. We use a qualitative research approach to identify key constructs of living labs and to understand how these constructs show up in the operation of living labs. So doing, we used theoretical constructs from the literature on user innovation, co-creation, and living labs to analyze a sample of membership applications to the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). The results from the content analysis of 40 applications revealed nine key constructs that are characteristic to living labs: 1) objective, 2) governance, 3) openness, 4) stakeholders, 5) funding, 6) value, 7) communications, 8) infrastructure, and 9) methods. These key constructs provide new insight that helps us to provide a definition of living labs as innovation platforms.},
	keywords = {constructs, definition, ENoLL, innovation, living labs, platform},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1205},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1205},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Christ Habib}
}
@article {1170,
	title = {A Topic Modelling Analysis of Living Labs Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {40-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study applies topic modelling analysis on a corpus of 86 publications in the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review) to understand how the phenomenon of living labs has been approached in the recent innovation management literature. Although the analysis is performed on a corpus collected from only one journal, the TIM Review has published the largest number of special issues on living labs to date, thus it reflects the advancement of the area in the scholarly literature. According to the analysis, research approaches to living labs can be categorized under seven broad topics: 1) Design, 2) Ecosystem, 3) City, 4) University, 5) Innovation, 6) User, and 7) Living lab. Moreover, each topic includes a set of characteristic subtopics. A trend analysis suggests that the emphasis of research on living labs is moving away from a conceptual focus on what living labs are and who is involved in their ecosystems to practical applications of how to design and manage living labs, their processes, and participants, especially users, as key stakeholders and in novel application areas such as the urban city context.},
	keywords = {big data, data mining, innovation, Living lab, living laboratory, research trends, text analytics, topic modeling, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1170},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1170},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {1046,
	title = {Categorization of Innovation Tools in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the link between innovation processes and the use of innovation tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework based on the literature to analyze 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a new typology of living labs based on their innovation process characteristics and usage of tools: linearizer, iterator, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, it proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The article concludes by providing a set of implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research on living labs.},
	keywords = {innovation tool, Living lab, method, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1046},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1046},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (February 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, business-to-business, emotions, innovation, living labs, needsfinding, operations, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1052},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1052},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1044,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (January 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {agile methods, conceptualizations, innovation labs, Innovation management, innovation tool, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1044},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1044},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1118,
	title = {Towards Third-Generation Living Lab Networks in Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {21-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many cities engage in diverse experimentation, innovation, and development activities with a broad variety of environments and stakeholders to the benefit of citizens, companies, municipalities, and other organizations. Hence, this article discusses such engagement in terms of next-generation living lab networks in the city context. In so doing, the study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a framework of collaborative innovation networks in cities and suggesting a typology of third-generation living labs. Our framework is characterized by diverse platforms and participation approaches, resulting in four distinctive modes of collaborative innovation networks where the city is: i) a provider, ii) a neighbourhood participator, iii) a catalyst, or iv) a rapid experimenter. The typology is based on an analysis of 118 interviews with participants in six Finnish cities and reveals various ways to organize innovation activities in the city context. In particular, cities can benefit from innovation networks by simultaneously exploiting multiple platforms such as living labs for innovation. We conclude by discussing implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research.},
	keywords = {city, co-creation, collaborative innovation, innovation, Living lab, networks, Open innovation, smart city, third-generation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1118},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1118},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {955,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (January 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {closed innovation, field trials, impact assessment, living labs, Open innovation, user engagement, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/955},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/955},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1037,
	title = {Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (December 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, ecosystems, living labs, online platforms, Open innovation, regional innovation, smart cities, smart regions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1037},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1037},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {933,
	title = {Cities as Collaborative Innovation Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {16-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on the role of a city as an orchestrator for innovation. We argue that cities should establish active dialogue with their citizens,  and private and public sectors actors to co-create, develop, test, and offer service innovations that utilize diverse sets of platforms such as living labs. Our research contributes to the discussions of open and user innovations from the perspective of cities as communities that involve and integrate citizens and companies to collaborative innovation activities. While acknowledging that cities are platforms for simultaneous and divergent innovation initiatives, we identify four principal types of collaborative innovation. Cities serve as platforms for: i) improving everyday life; ii) conducting consumer and citizen experiments; iii) experimenting and implementing new technologies and services; and iv) creating new innovations and economies. Finally, we offer guidelines for fostering collaborative innovation activities between the public and private sectors.},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, creative citizen, industry, Living lab, Open innovation, smart city},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/933},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/933},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {947,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (December 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, closed innovation, context, crowdsourcing, innovation networks, living labs, Open innovation, spaces and places, urban living labs, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/947},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/947},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {931,
	title = {Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (October 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaboration, ecosystems, innovation ecosystem, living laboratories, living labs, Open innovation, regional innovation, smart cities, smart regions, smart specialisation, smart specialization, sustainability, urban capabilities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/931},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/931},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {948,
	title = {The Grey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study argues that there are different degrees of openness and closedness in innovation activity, and it highlights the need for more research on the "grey areas" between totally open and totally closed innovation, particularly in innovation networks where multiple stakeholders collaborate for innovation. Here, we focus on four key aspects of innovation networks, as characterized by their degrees of openness or closedness: governance, motivation, interaction, and innovation practices. The categorization is based on a review of theory and an empirical analysis of three distinct innovation networks, two of which represent the open living lab model, and one of which exemplifies the traditional closed innovation model. Our results can help managers improve efficiency in innovation networks by better understanding the grey areas between open and closed in innovation.},
	keywords = {closedness, innovation, innovation network, Living lab, Open innovation, openness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/948},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/948},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Taija Turunen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {925,
	title = {Using Entrepreneurial Marketing to Foster Reseller Adoption of Smart Micro-Grid Technology},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates how entrepreneurial marketing can encourage resellers to adopt smart micro-grid technology. An online survey based on the literature on user adoption and entrepreneurial marketing was used to gather data from 99 power systems resellers. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares method to validate a model of the relationships between reseller{\textquoteright}s antecedents and intention to adopt smart micro-grid technology, and the role of vendor{\textquoteright}s entrepreneurial marketing in the adoption. The results suggest that user adoption models can only partially be applied to the reseller context, and future research should develop models that can further explain reseller{\textquoteright}s decision making with regards to becoming involved in an emerging technology. As to the implications for practice, vendors need to demonstrate proactive entrepreneurial marketing, particularly entrepreneurial orientation, to increase the performance expectancy perceived by their resellers by increasing awareness and understanding of smart micro-grid technology to cultivate its diffusion.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial marketing, power systems, resellers, smart micro-grid, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/925},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/925},
	author = {Hamidreza Kavandi and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {807,
	title = {Designing Business Models for the Internet of Things},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates challenges pertaining to business model design in the emerging context of the Internet of Things (IOT). The evolution of business perspectives to the IOT is driven by two underlying trends: i) the change of focus from viewing the IOT primarily as a technology platform to viewing it as a business ecosystem; and ii) the shift from focusing on the business model of a firm to designing ecosystem business models. An ecosystem business model is a business model composed of value pillars anchored in ecosystems and focuses on both the firm{\textquoteright}s method of creating and capturing value as well as any part of the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s method of creating and capturing value. The article highlights three major challenges of designing ecosystem business models for the IOT, including the diversity of objects, the immaturity of innovation, and the unstructured ecosystems. Diversity refers to the difficulty of designing business models for the IOT due to a multitude of different types of connected objects combined with only modest standardization of interfaces. Immaturity suggests that quintessential IOT technologies and innovations are not yet products and services but a "mess that runs deep". The unstructured ecosystems mean that it is too early to tell who the participants will be and which roles they will have in the evolving ecosystems. The study argues that managers can overcome these challenges by using a business model design tool that takes into account the ecosystemic nature of the IOT. The study concludes by proposing the grounds for a new design tool for ecosystem business models and suggesting that "value design" might be a more appropriate term when talking about business models in ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business model, design tool, ecosystem, Internet of Things, IOT, value, value design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/807},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/807},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {779,
	title = {Editorial: Service and Innovation (April 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {internationalization, knowledge-intensive business services, service business development, service innovation, service providers, social platforms, value chains, value creation, value-in-use, word-of-mouth communication},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/779},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/779},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Marja Toivonen and Risto Rajala and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {788,
	title = {Editorial: Service and Innovation (May 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaboration, innovation indicators, innovation practices, intellectual property, knowledge-intensive business services, living labs, online gaming, service business development, service design, service innovation, service-dominant logic, trademarks, value chains, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/788},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/788},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Risto Rajala and Marja Toivonen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {836,
	title = {Effective Digital Channel Marketing for Cybersecurity Solutions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {22-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Smaller organizations are prime targets for hackers and malware, because these businesses lack cybersecurity plans and the resources to survive a serious security incident. To exploit this market opportunity, cybersecurity solution providers need to leverage the power of downstream channel members. We investigate how a supplier{\textquoteright}s digital channel marketing can encourage value-added resellers to sell that supplier{\textquoteright}s cybersecurity solutions. Our analysis of survey data from 109 value-added resellers of a multinational supplier shows that resellers are more committed to stock and sell cybersecurity products and services if the supplier{\textquoteright}s digital channel marketing provides tools that help them sell the solutions to end customers. This support is likely needed because cybersecurity offerings are technologically complex and systemic by nature, as supported by the finding that value-added resellers pay little attention to supplier{\textquoteright}s campaigns and price discounts. Thus, cybersecurity suppliers should maintain trusted and informative relationships with their resellers and provide them with hands-on sales tools, because a reseller{\textquoteright}s commitment to selling cybersecurity solutions is linked with their ability to understand the offering and with the extent of their supplier relationship. These findings are in line with previous literature on the challenges perceived by salespeople in selling novel and complex technology.},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, digital channel marketing, marketing, retailer, sales, supplier, value-added reseller, VAR},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/836},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/836},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {747,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and Crowdsourcing (December 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, living labs, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/747},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/747},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {739,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (November 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {design, living labs, networks, Open innovation, regional development, services},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/739},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/739},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {750,
	title = {From Idea Crowdsourcing to Managing User Knowledge},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how technology companies can benefit from user knowledge in product and service innovation beyond mere idea generation through crowdsourcing. We investigate a case from the telecommunications sector to discover the ways a company can overcome the challenges of motivating users to participate in innovation activity and gaining from their knowledge in the innovation process. In particular, we seek to learn how the company has created understanding about the future uses of technology and the developments of the market with the lead users. In addition, we analyze the key means of capturing value from the knowledge gathered from the users, including the essential organizational practices that support user innovation and the ways the company makes sense of the vast volume and variety of user knowledge. Our empirical inquiry increases the understanding of how technology companies can complement and use crowdsourcing to effectively utilize knowledge resident in user communities. },
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, knowledge management, lead users, online communities, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/750},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/750},
	author = {Risto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Vuori and Jukka-Pekka Hares}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes: Towards a Conceptual Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {6-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time. },
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation ecosystem, Living lab, Open innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/748},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/748},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Dimitri Schuurman and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {718,
	title = {Servitization in a Security Business: Changing the Logic of Value Creation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {65-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can a firm change its value-creation logic from providing technology to selling technology-based services? This is a question many security companies face today when trying to apply a solutions-based business model in response to recent macro- and microeconomic trends. The fact that customers increasingly demand security as a service, rather than technical equipment, challenges the basis of a security firm{\textquoteright}s value provision and alters the logic of its operation. In this article, we investigate a technology- and product-oriented security business that is now rapidly transforming into a service business. We use data from a case study to propose a 4C model (conceptualization, calculation, communication, and co-creation of value) that can help security providers to objectify their service offerings and succeed in the servitization of their security businesses. },
	keywords = {co-creation, customer value creation, objectification, products, security, services, servitization, value provision},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/718},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/718},
	author = {Arto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Murtonen and Kim Starck}
}
@article {707,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Green Business Models to Change the World: How Can Entrepreneurs Ride the Sustainability Wave?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {53-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, eco-efficiency, entrepreneurship, green innovation, sustainability, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/707},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/707},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {553,
	title = {Categorizing the Growth Strategies of Small Firms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {5-9},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study investigates the link between a small firm{\textquoteright}s investment in R\&D and its growth strategy. A firm{\textquoteright}s growth strategy refers to the means by which the organization plans to achieve its objective to grow in volume and turnover. We categorize firm growth strategies into eight distinctive clusters: opportunity explorers, radical innovators, business developers, business expanders, profit makers, business rebuilders, stagnators, and downsizers. We argue that understanding a firm{\textquoteright}s growth orientation provides a way to assess the returns of its R\&D investments, because an organization{\textquoteright}s intangible growth strategies and tangible inputs are connected.  },
	keywords = {growth orientation, growth strategies, R\&D investment, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/553},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/553},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {601,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/601},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/601},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {602,
	title = {Living Labs as Open-Innovation Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {6-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs bring experimentation out of companies{\textquoteright} R\&D departments to real-life environments with the participation and co-creation of users, partners, and other parties. This study discusses living labs as four different types of networks characterized by open innovation: utilizer-driven, enabler-driven, provider-driven, and user-driven. The typology is based on interviews with the participants of 26 living labs in Finland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa. Companies can benefit from knowing the characteristics of each type of living lab; this knowledge will help them to identify which actor drives the innovation, to anticipate likely outcomes, and to decide what kind of role they should play while "living labbing". Living labs are networks that can help them create innovations that have a superior match with user needs and can be upscaled promptly to the global market.},
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation, living labs, networks, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/602},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/602},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Anna-Greta Nystr{\"o}m}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Neuromarketing: Understanding Customers{\textquoteright} Subconscious Responses to Marketing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {12-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents neuromarketing as a way to detect brain activation during customer engagement. Neuromarketing is a field of marketing research that studies consumers{\textquoteright} sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. We established a Virtual Customer Journey model based on the consultative selling process to study customer engagement by using brain scans. Consultative selling suggests that a customer{\textquoteright}s shopping experience is managed by the salesperson{\textquoteright}s behaviour and in-store marketing assets, and that the customer gets engaged step by step. A total of 16 test subjects were shown video clips and still pictures from a consultative sales process at Nokia{\textquoteright}s flagship stores, and their brain activity was scanned. The results show that test subjects were able to associate themselves with people and events on the video and they felt safe and comfortable during the consultative selling process. The study implies that laboratories can build virtual environments that resemble real shopping environments where customers can participate in the buying process and respond to events displayed on the screen, and that neuroimaging is useful in providing valuable information on customer behaviour that is not achievable otherwise.},
	keywords = {brain scans, consultative selling, customer engagement, customer journey, fMRI, neuroimaging, neuromarketing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/634},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/634},
	author = {Jyrki Suomala and Lauri Palokangas and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Jarmo Heinonen and Jussi Numminen}
}
@article {557,
	title = {An Overview of Four Issues on Technology Entrepreneurship in the TIM Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {28-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The field of technology entrepreneurship is in its infancy when compared to other fields such as economics and management. Articles on technology entrepreneurship have been published in at least 62 journals, of which only 18 contribute to technology innovation management or entrepreneurship. Less than a handful of these 62 journals are considered to be "good" journals and none can claim a leadership position in technology entrepreneurship. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the 20 journal articles published in the February, March, April, and May 2012 issues of the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review).},
	keywords = {creative destruction, global entrepreneurship, journal articles, social entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship, theory},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/557},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/557},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Sonia D. Bot and Tom Duxbury and David Hudson and Chris McPhee and Steven Muegge and Michael Weiss and Jonathan Wells and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {608,
	title = {A Small-Firm Perspective on the Benefits of Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {44-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Decreasing energy consumption is a global priority and the energy market is in constant change. The search for energy-saving innovations provides an opportunity to initiate a user-centered approach using the living labs model. This article describes how Process Vision, a small-yet-leading Northern European provider of energy IT systems, applied the livings labs approach to develop novel energy-efficiency management solutions. We discuss the company{\textquoteright}s participation in the APOLLON consortium, a cross-border living labs initiative on energy efficiency. More specifically, we describe the Finland-based company{\textquoteright}s experiences of a pilot project launched in the living lab and report on the perceived managerial challenges of applying the living labs approach from the perspective of a small firm.},
	keywords = {energy efficiency, Innovation management, Living lab, managerial challenges, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/608},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/608},
	author = {Veli-Pekka Niitamo and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {489,
	title = {Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company: Experiences from Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {19-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {High-technology firms have paved the way for user-driven innovations, but now even traditional industries are becoming increasingly open. This shift is a great challenge for companies with instituted practices, policies, and customer relationships. In this article, we identify four distinct steps in becoming an open innovation company based on our recent research into firms{\textquoteright} experiences with living lab experiments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. We describe these phases and illustrate the divergent roles that users play in each one. We conclude with a discussion on the differences between the management challenges of conventional development projects versus the open innovation model. For all firms that wish to become open innovators, we recommend that their managers promote an open organizational mindset and apply groupware that supports increased openness, because traditional project management tools are insufficient for open innovation. },
	keywords = {Innovation management, Living lab, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/489},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/489},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
