@article {1463,
	title = {A Closer Look at Living Labs and Higher Education using a Scoping Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {30-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {30},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As society changes rapidly, there is a need to educate professionals who contribute to innovation and complex adaptations in organizations. As part of this education, companies, governmental bodies and other stakeholders have sought collaboration on complex issues in "living labs". Living labs are recognized as educational environments to prepare students in higher education for future roles. The aim of this article is to explore the nature and extent of the scientific literature about living labs in which actors in higher education actively participate. In total, 21 articles were included in this scoping review. Research into this topic appears to be relatively new. Definitions of living labs are mostly in line with the definition used by the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), with its large variation of lab locations. Few results about organization and governance were identified. Different lessons learned regarding processes, interaction and requirements for successful living labs were found. The design of learning is mostly described by learning activities. Learning outcomes are described in generic and specific competences and assessments in living labs are rarely described. The authors recommend more detailed studies into aspects of the successful participation of higher education to gain knowledge about enhancing learning outcomes, and the effects of educational activities within living lab environments.},
	keywords = {approaches, definitions, higher education, key elements, Living lab, scoping review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1463},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1463},
	author = {Ren{\'e}e van den Heuvel and Susy Braun and Manon de Bruin and Ramon Dani{\"e}ls}
}
@article {1412,
	title = {Enabling and Promoting Sustainability through Digital API Ecosystems: An example of successful implementation in the smart city domain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {4-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recent studies have recognized that digital ecosystems can enhance the transformation of enterprises and the sustainability of cooperation networks by enabling a regulated and governed exchange of data between different stakeholders according to common rules. Thanks to digital ecosystems, data can be effectively distributed and leveraged to build innovative services in various contexts, such as smart cities or corporate solutions. In this paper we apply the Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach, which was first adopted to foster digital interoperability during the 2015 World Exposition in Milan, Italy. The goal of this lightweight approach is to combine technologies for building API-based solutions with governance processes and common participation guidelines. Moreover, we argue that this approach fosters data sustainability responding to the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) principles for data management and stewardship. Since 2015, this approach has been applied in several projects and featured by the European Commission{\textquoteright}s JRC and the USA{\textquoteright}s NIST. The Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach now supports the creation of many-to-many digital relationships between stakeholders operating in various domains, allowing the discovery and reuse of digital assets owned by companies and organizations of any type and size, as well as supporting the development of added value services for citizens and other end-users.},
	keywords = {digital ecosystem, FAIR, interoperability, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1412},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1412},
	author = {Maurizio Brioschi and Michele Bonardi and Nadia Fabrizio and Alfonso Fuggetta and Emiliano Sergio Verga and Maurilio Zuccal{\`a}}
}
@article {1462,
	title = {Human Factors in Living Lab Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {21-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {21},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Human factors research is still in its infancy in healthcare and other fields. Yet it has the potential to allow organisations and living labs to assess and improve innovation quality, while closely involving potential end users. "Human factors" involve a scientific focus on the interaction between individuals and systems with the goal of improving safety, performance, and user acceptability. Studies simulating challenging real-life circumstances in selected samples and using a multi-method approach can provide important insights for organisations and governments and allow for better and safer services for the end user. By combining existing theory and case examples, the current paper aims to situate human factors research and to help researchers determine when and how this methodology could be applied.},
	keywords = {human factors, Living lab, methodology, safety, usability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1462},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1462},
	author = {Nele A.J. De Witte and Leen Broeckx and Sascha Vermeylen and Vicky Van Der Auwera and Tom Van Daele}
}
@article {1438,
	title = {Reinvigorating the Discourse on Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in Educational Technologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The increasing relevance of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various domains has led to high expectations of benefits, ranging from precision, efficiency, and optimization to the completion of routine or time-consuming tasks. Particularly in the field of education, AI applications promise immense innovation potential. A central focus in this field is on analyzing and evaluating learner characteristics to derive learning profiles and create individualized learning environments. The development and implementation of such AI-driven approaches are related to learners{\textquoteright} data, and thus involves several privacies, ethics, and morality challenges. In this paper, we introduce the concept of human-centered AI, and consider how an AI system can be developed in line with human values without posing risks to humanity. Because the education market is in the early stages of incorporating AI into educational tools, we believe that this is the right time to raise awareness about the use of principles that foster human-centered values and help in building responsible, ethical, and value-oriented AI.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, design for value approach., educational technology, human-centered AI, intelligent tutoring systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1438},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1438},
	author = {Andr{\'e} Renz and Gergana Vladova}
}
@article {1351,
	title = {Editorial: Sharing Economy and Government Innovation (May 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1351},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1351},
	author = {Shenja van der Graaf and Carina Veeckman}
}
@article {1340,
	title = {The Effect of Machine Learning on Knowledge-Intensive R\&D in the Technology Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {88-98},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {88},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The impact of such current state-of-the-art technology as machine learning (ML) on organizational knowledge integration is indisputable. This paper synergizes investigations of knowledge integration and ML in technologically advanced and innovative companies, in order to elucidate the value of these approaches to organizational performance. The analyses are based on the premise that, to fully benefit from the latest technological advances, entity interpretation is essential to fully define what has been learned. Findings yielded by a single case study involving one technological firm indicate that tacit and explicit knowledge integration can occur simultaneously using ML, when a data analysis method is applied to transcribe spoken words. Although the main contribution of this study stems from the greater understanding of the applicability of machine learning in organizational contexts, general recommendations for use of this analytical method to facilitate integration of tacit and explicit knowledge are also provided.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, explicit knowledge, knowledge integration, ML, tacit knowledge, technological firm},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1340},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1340},
	author = {Daniel Viberg and Mohammad H. Eslami}
}
@article {1313,
	title = {Selling Data-Based Value in Business-to-Business Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {45-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to study what aspects a sales function needs to consider when selling new data-based value in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper combines literature on the business-to-business sales process with data-based value. The study includes altogether 29 qualitative interviews from eight companies, representing seller companies at different stages in big data utilization. In addition, the study includes customer perspectives with six interviews from four customer companies. As a result, selling new data-based value is studied from several perspectives. First, we evaluate the impacts of the generated new data-based value from the seller and the market perspective. Secondly, we study what sales representatives need to understand, both from the customer{\textquoteright}s perspective, and in relation to data and digital solutions during the sales process. Thirdly, on the customer side, we explore the roles of {\textquotedblleft}digitalist{\textquotedblright} and old-school buyers, and their effect on the sales process. Our research findings highlight the crucial understanding of customer business and knowledge about real-time data management, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI) when selling data-based solutions that create real-time data, recommendations, and value for a customer{\textquoteright}s business.},
	keywords = {B2B sales, big data, business-to-business sales, data-based value, digital solutions, value sales},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1313},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1313},
	author = {Tuija Rantala and Tiina Apilo and Katariina Palom{\"a}ki and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1352,
	title = {Trust, Transparency and Security in the Sharing Economy: What is the Government{\textquoteright}s Role?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To obtain access to goods or services between people or stakeholders, some collaboration between actors is a necessary component. Sharing and a sharing economy is closely related to trust. Within the context of {\textquoteright}the{\textquoteright} sharing economy, especially digital trust is assumed to play a crucial role. Access to information is a crucial digital cue which can lead to trust yet, sharing economies are subject to asymmetry of information, wherein certain actors have limited access to market information on the consumption behaviour of users, the pricing of a product and, the reliability of peers. The lack of confidential market information between actors is thus limiting the potential for collaboration, as it reduces trust between them. Governments are amongst the (usually more trustworthy) candidates to undertake critical roles in enhancing the sharing of sensitive data. This paper aims to identify the role of government in facilitating and enabling data sharing between various actors in sharing economies. In this paper, we analyse the adequacy of a government{\textquoteright}s potential role in enabling transparency, trust and security, while operating within a sharing economy scenario, based on two case studies. Additionally, the role of technology is briefly defined for digital platforms and for blockchain-based opportunities for sharing economies. The use cases for the paper concern a digital platform for industrial symbioses, and peer-to-peer electricity trading based on blockchain technology.},
	keywords = {blockchain, government, network, P2P, peer-to-peer, sharing economy, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1352},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1352},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Jacobus van der Bank and Mehdi Montakhabi}
}
@article {1221,
	title = {Applying a Living Lab Approach Within an eHealth Accelerator},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {6-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through this study, we seek to understand the impact of the use of the living lab approach on product and business development in an eHealth accelerator. In the case accelerator, 20 startups developed innovative products atop the European FIWARE Future Internet technology platform. The novel design element of the case accelerator was the use of the living lab approach that was included for the purpose of engaging end users in the development and testing of new product prototypes. Our main result is that the living lab approach provided added value to participating companies and resulted in changes in their product development and marketing strategies. Overall, the case accelerator and the use of the living lab approach had a significant impact on the development, growth, and market success of the companies. Based on the results of the case accelerator, we propose the generic accelerator model presented by Pauwels and co-authors in 2016 to be extended with a new design element, the living lab approach. },
	keywords = {accelerator, case study, ehealth, Living lab, Open innovation, SME, startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1221},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1221},
	author = {Lotta Haukipuro and Satu V{\"a}in{\"a}m{\"o} and Leena Arhippainen and Timo Ojala}
}
@article {1273,
	title = {Digital User Involvement in a Multi-Context Living Lab Environment},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {27-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {27},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides new knowledge on the long-term use and value of a digital user involvement tool as a part of a living lab particularly in ICT, health and public service development contexts. Research has been carried out within the authentic living lab environment in 2011\&ndash;2018. Empirical evidence is gathered from case living lab digital user involvement platform and activities conducted in multiple contexts. The primary source of information are the 70 in-depth interviews with the customer companies, public organizations and other stakeholders. The digital user community and user involvement tool-specific value for the development of products and services are a fast, easy and efficient user involvement regardless of time and location, tailored online methods based on the need of the customer, and the richness and quality of the end-user feedback.},
	keywords = {Digital user involvement, living lab., user community},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1273},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1273},
	author = {Lotta Haukipuro and Satu V{\"a}in{\"a}m{\"o}}
}
@article {1260,
	title = {How to Develop a Digital Ecosystem: a Practical Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Throughout the modern industrial era, industries have generally been organised as linear value chains. This gave birth to the vertically integrated organisation, which was organised in such a way in order to control the entire value chain and achieve economies of scale, which in turn would create a significant competitive advantage. As digital technologies continue gaining adoption, they start enabling new ways of organising how value is created. This transition means moving from value chains to digital ecosystems. This is giving way to new industry giants, which rely on the strength of their digital ecosystems to attain market dominance. However, there is still limited knowledge of digital ecosystems: how they are created, how they work and, importantly, how organisations beyond digital giants can approach digital ecosystems. Based on literature review and expert surveys and interviews, this piece puts forward a practical framework for both established organisations and entrepreneurs to better understand, plan and navigate the new paradigm of digital ecosystems.},
	keywords = {Digitization,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1260},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1260},
	author = {Omar Valdez-de-Leon}
}
@article {1257,
	title = {Human Capital, Its Constituents, and Entrepreneurial Innovation: A Multi-Level Modelling of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we use multi-level modelling to analyze data of over 200,000 businesses in 96 countries to explain the failure of previous research to extend human capital theory to innovation. We trace this failure to, previously overlooked, conflicting influences of education and experience, the two key constituents of human capital that are often used in research as innovation antecedents and present a conceptual and empirical case against the use of work experience as a constituent of human capital. Our hierarchical exploration of innovation antecedents shows that, at the individual level, being young and recently educated are significant predictors of innovation whereas, at the societal level, national wealth dampens the negative effect of age on innovation and accentuates the positive effect of education on it.},
	keywords = {age,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1257},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1257},
	author = {Vijay Vyas and Renuka Vyas}
}
@article {1216,
	title = {Innovation Ecosystems as Structures for Value Co-Creation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {25-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the many recent discussions on {\textquotedblleft}innovation ecosystems{\textquotedblright} as well as on open innovation or other co-innovation models, a more in-depth understanding of the multi-actor processes of value co-creation remains rather scarce. Hence, in this case study, we provide significant novel insight about innovation ecosystems as structures enabling multi-actor value co-creation in real-life innovation ecosystems. Based on our empirical findings, we identified two key principles: 1) in order to encourage the active participation of ecosystem actors in the value co-creation process, efforts must be made to ensure a clear vision and a shared value base on which the ecosystem activities can be built and 2) facilitation is needed to support the ecosystem actors to make new connections and to share their knowledge and resources in concrete ways. Most importantly, the more diversity there is among the ecosystem actors, the greater the support for innovativeness within the value co-creation process. },
	keywords = {ecosystems, innovation, platforms, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = { http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1216},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1216},
	author = {Sanna Ketonen-Oksi and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1271,
	title = {Kick-Start for Connectivity: How to Implement Digital Platforms Successfully in Industry 4.0},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Based on digitalization and interconnectedness, Industry 4.0 causes a structural change in the value creation processes, and thus reinforces the transformation of business processes and business models. One way for companies to cope with this development and its associated challenges is to apply digital platforms in the value creation process. As the potential of digital platforms for industrial value creation can only be leveraged to its full extent with adequate implementation, this paper addresses the research question: How are digital platforms best implemented in Industry 4.0 contexts; Using a qualitative case study design, based on 32 semi-structured expert interviews, the study identifies different triggers and initiators, challenges, and respective countermeasures, as thematic core elements of implementation, and requirements for platforms. The research insights contribute to existing literature on Industry 4.0 and digital platforms. In addition, the paper discusses practical implications for industrial companies.},
	keywords = {Buyer-Supplier Relationships, collaboration, digital platforms, Digital Technologies., IIoT, Industry 4.0, Supplier Integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1271},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1271},
	author = {Marie-Christin Schmidt and Johannes W. Veile and Julian M. M{\"u}ller and Kai-Ingo Voigt}
}
@article {1217,
	title = {Mastering the Digital Transformation Process: Business Practices and Lessons Learned},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {36-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Due to its unique features and accessibility, the focus of implementing digital technology is no longer just to improve internal operations, but to expand internal dimensions, reach customers and external partners, affect services, integrate processes, disrupt markets, and fundamentally change industries. It is no surprise that the notion of digital transformation has garnered much research interest, especially from the practitioners{\textquoteright} point of view, but academic achievements are somehow lagging behind, possibly because frameworks for digital transformation are still evolving. In this article, we tried to address that gap by conducting holistic research of digital transformation in companies. We used a series of in-depth interviews to inform comprehensive case studies of three companies from different industries that are in different stages of digital transformation. We carefully investigated the companies{\textquoteright} experiences in the process of digital transformation, which are discussed here to provide valid theoretical framing. We conclude that, in addition to technology adoption, important factors for successful digital transformation are the ability of an organization to change and operational excellence in the integration of external digital services with internal IT support. In that light, we summarize our findings in a form of discovered (sub)dimensions that are the basis for the proposed digital transformation framing, while the narratives and case experiences provide with examples of best practice.},
	keywords = {case study, change management, digital business, digital model, digital transformation, digital transformation model, digitization, human capital, Innovation management, talent management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = { http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1217},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1217},
	author = {Lucija Ivan{\v c}i{\'c} and Vesna Bosilj Vuk{\v s}i{\'c} and Mario Spremi{\'c}}
}
@article {1222,
	title = {The SDG-Check: Guiding Open Innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {20-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The {\textquotedblleft}fuzzy front end{\textquotedblright} of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations{\textquoteright} 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept{\textquoteright}s intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the {\textquotedblleft}SDG-Check{\textquotedblright}, which help assess an innovator{\textquoteright}s sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations{\textquoteright} SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development. },
	keywords = {fuzzy front end of innovation, Living lab, Open innovation, SDG-Check, sustainability assessments, sustainability inspiration, sustainable development goals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1222},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1222},
	author = {Justus von Geibler and Julius Piwowar and Annika Greven}
}
@article {1246,
	title = {Women Managers and Entrepreneurs and Digitalization: On the Verge of a New Era or a Nervous Breakdown?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to examine how female managers and entrepreneurs are employing digital technologies in their working and private lives and what they think about digitalization. The material for the study was gathered through interviews with women in South Savo, Finland. The article builds on the theory of technology domestication, emphasizing the role of users in making a technology usable in their everyday contexts. The findings show that women experience challenges but also gain clear benefits when employing digital technologies. Among the challenges is that women are traditionally rather reserved when it comes to applying technology. Among the benefits is the practice-oriented stance of women towards digital technologies. Moreover, the rise of digital social media and its increasing importance in the working and business environments could make it easier for women to manage both work- and family-related communication. This may improve their wellbeing at work and help women towards equality at work. However, they need support in finding their digitalized career paths. },
	keywords = {domestication, family, ICT, technology, wellbeing, women, work},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1246},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1246},
	author = {Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman}
}
@article {1173,
	title = {Editorial: Transdisciplinary Innovation (August 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {08/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {innovation, interdisciplinary, learning, multidisciplinary, practice, transdisciplinarity, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1173},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1173},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Martin Bliemel and Mieke van der Bijl-Brouwer}
}
@article {1178,
	title = {Exploring the Transdisciplinary Learning Experiences of Innovation Professionals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {08/2018},
	pages = {50-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Transdisciplinary innovation inherently involves learning how to integrate disciplines towards exploring a problem or towards developing a solution or technology. Thus, transdisciplinary innovation and transdisciplinary learning are practically interchangeable. Although transdisciplinary learning has been studied and experimented with in educational research, the understanding of it in a professional context is limited. We therefore aim our research at addressing this question of how people shift their practice towards other disciplines to address complex issues. We chose to focus on a particularly challenging context {\textendash} the shift from positivist to non-positivist learning across the career of transdisciplinary innovators when addressing complex problems. What makes this context challenging is that the siloed and heavily specialized nature of working within a disciplinary construct discourages collaboration on real-world complex problems. This context is also challenging because the analytic focus from positivist disciplines results in a reductionist approach, which limits an innovator{\textquoteright}s ability to explore problems holistically and abductively. An understanding of the learning experiences of practitioners in these contexts will inform the identification of relevant variables and attributes that encourage innovative learning for ultimately innovative practice. This identification might help us develop better support and education for innovation professionals who want to adopt transdisciplinary practices for the purposes of addressing complex problems. In this article, we discuss the results of a series of in-depth interviews to understand the learning experiences of design innovation practitioners who experienced a shift away from positivist approaches towards transdisciplinary innovation practice. We explore the research approach undertaken to study the motivations and drivers, the emotions experienced during the shift, and the implementation and dissemination of the new learning into professional practice.},
	keywords = {emotion, experience, learning, professional, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1178},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1178},
	author = {Mariana Zafeirakopoulos and Mieke van der Bijl-Brouwer}
}
@article {1185,
	title = {Impact of Business Intelligence Solutions on Export Performance of Software Firms in Emerging Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {39-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The article is written with the aim of understanding how well software firms in emerging economies perform when exporting their goods. Focusing on Paraguay as a representative context, a multiple-case-study research design was adopted using different sources of evidence, including 15 in-depth interviews with founders, shareholders, and CEOs. The data were analyzed using grounded theory in order to develop patterns and categories, and to understand differences and regularities. The revised Uppsala internationalization process model was used as a theoretical framework. This article highlights the experts{\textquoteright} views of the impact of business intelligence on the export performance of software firms in Paraguay. Although only a few of the interviewees currently use business intelligence solutions to support international strategic decision-making processes, most of them reveal a desire to use them because they expect it will have a positive impact on export performance and international competitiveness. The main factors for selecting a business intelligence solution are transparency of cost and benefits, excellent client service, and an attractive pricing model. The study results apply to all stakeholders who support the impact of business intelligence systems on the export performance of software firms in emerging economies. The article fulfils an identified need and call for research to study the use and impact of business intelligence on the way an emerging country{\textquoteright}s exportation of goods actually performs, and the ability of its software firms to globalize successfully.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, business intelligence, emerging markets, global marketing, international business, international entrepreneurship, international management, machine learning, Paraguay, software industry},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1185},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1185},
	author = {Michael Neubert and Augustinus Van der Krogt}
}
@article {1156,
	title = {Innovation Instruments to Co-Create Needs-Based Solutions in a Living Lab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {22-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This multiple case study focuses on co-creation facilitated with innovation instruments in three different environments {\textendash} a school, a hospital, and an airport {\textendash} in which 12 SMEs and startups developed solutions based on predefined needs of customer organizations, and where stakeholders actively participated through user involvement methods facilitated by a living lab. The article provides new knowledge regarding the benefits of the co-creation, user involvement, and use of the living lab approach within different contexts. Our findings show concrete benefits of co-creation for stakeholders such as companies, customer organizations, and end users. Based on our results, we propose a new, generic model for using innovation instruments to facilitate co-creation for the development of needs-based products and services in different service domains.},
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation instrument, innovation process, Living lab, SME, startup, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1156},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1156},
	author = {Lotta Haukipuro and Satu V{\"a}in{\"a}m{\"o} and Pauliina Hyrk{\"a}s}
}
@article {1202,
	title = {The Library Living Lab: A Collaborative Innovation Model for Public Libraries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {17-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New models of governance advance towards participatory schemes in which citizens not only play an active role in decision-making processes but also the processes by which new products and services are defined and introduced. In parallel, technological innovations, and the new horizons of creativity that they allow, open a huge range of options to innovation in all areas of society, particularly in the cultural field. Under these two premises {\textendash} participation and innovation {\textendash} the Library Living Lab initiative was born at the Public Library of Miquel Batllori Volpelleres in Sant Cugat del Vall{\`e}s, Barcelona. The Library Living Lab is a space that gathers all stakeholders around the public library with the aim of exploring new methods and tools that allow us to enjoy culture both individually and collectively. This article describes how technology can be an enabling factor in a citizen-initiated grassroots project. The project implements a complete model of inter-institutional collaboration with all relevant actors around the living lab working group. The specific challenges of developing an open, flexible, and inter-connected space are identified, and the interaction dynamics based on a challenge{\textendash}action{\textendash}return methodology definition are described through practical examples. Our conclusions tackle the challenges of a horizon for the implementation of innovation initiatives {\textendash} such as living labs {\textendash} in public spaces. },
	keywords = {cultural spaces, innovation, library, Living lab, participatory, public spaces, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1202},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1202},
	author = {Fernando Vilari{\~n}o and Dimosthenis Karatzas and Alberto Valcarce}
}
@article {1191,
	title = {Tread Carefully: Managing Identities and Expectations in High-Tech Industry{\textendash}Academia Collaborations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {29-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Industry{\textendash}academia collaborations are in continual flux. The changing role of academics is reflected in the interaction between industry and academia. In this article, we examine how meetings as a genre are used to establish and alter the roles and identities of participants. First, interactional analysis shows that a meeting set-up revolving around academic presentations confirms an old role division between collaborators where academic contributions are vulnerable to undervaluation. Second, we found that so called {\textquotedblleft}leading individuals{\textquotedblright} show critical discourse awareness that allows partners to reposition themselves in relation to each other. They use interactional strategies to create a joint purpose, empower participants to jointly realign, and motivate them to openly share progress. This results in a power shift where academics feel free to pursue their agendas. With this article, we try to understand how the choice of linguistic features shapes social and interpersonal relations in industry{\textendash}academia collaborations by focusing on open innovation as a socially contingent process. },
	keywords = {critical discourse awareness, industry-academia, interaction, leadership, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1191},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1191},
	author = {Els De Maeijer and Tom Van Hout and Mathieu Weggeman and Ger Post}
}
@article {1103,
	title = {The Core Interaction of Platforms: How Startups Connect Users and Producers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {17-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The platform economy is disrupting innovation while presenting both opportunities and challenges for startups. Platforms support value creation between multiple participant groups, and this operationalization of an ecosystem{\textquoteright}s value co-creation represents the {\textquotedblleft}core interaction{\textquotedblright} of a platform. This article focuses on that core interaction and studies how startups connect producers and users in value-creating core interaction through digital platforms. The study is based on an analysis of 29 cases of platform startups interviewed at a leading European startup event. The studied startups were envisioning even millions of users and hundreds or thousands of producers co-creating value on their platforms. In such platform businesses, our results highlight the importance of attracting a large user pool, providing novel services to those users, offering a new market for producers, supporting the core interaction in various ways, and utilizing elements of the platform canvas {\textendash} an adaptation of the business model canvas, which we have accommodated for platform-based business models {\textendash} to accomplish these goals.},
	keywords = {core interaction, digital platforms, multisided markets, platform business, platform canvas, slush event, startups, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1103},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1103},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen and Kaisa Still and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Miika Kumpulainen and Arho Suominen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1088,
	title = {The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The organization of supported and sustainable urban interventions is challenging, with multiple actors involved, fragmented decision-making powers, and multiple values at stake. Globally, urban living labs have become a fashionable phenomenon to tackle this challenge, fostering the development and implementation of innovation, experimentation, and knowledge in urban, real-life settings while emphasizing the important role of participation and co-creation. However, although urban living labs could in this way help cities to speed up the sustainable transition, urban living lab experts agree that, in order to truly succeed in these ambitious tasks, the way urban living labs are being shaped and steered needs further research. Yet, they also confirm the existing variation and opaqueness in the definition of the concept. This article contributes to conceptual clarity by developing an operationalized definition of urban living labs, which has been used to assess 90 sustainable urban innovation projects in the city of Amsterdam. The assessment shows that the majority of the projects that are labelled as living labs do not include one or more of the defining elements of a living lab. In particular, the defining co-creation and development activities were found to be absent in many of the projects. This article makes it possible to categorize alleged living lab projects and distill the {\textquotedblleft}true{\textquotedblright} living labs from the many improperly labelled or unlabelled living labs, allowing more specific analyses and, ultimately, better targeted methodological recommendations for urban living labs.},
	keywords = {characteristics, cities, definition, living labs, TIM Review, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1088},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1088},
	author = {Kris Steen and Ellen van Bueren}
}
@article {1096,
	title = {Effects of Business Model Development Projects on Organizational Culture: A Multiple Case Study of SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {15-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous research has shown that links between organizational culture and innovativeness/performance may act as a {\textquotedblleft}social glue{\textquotedblright} that helps a company develop organizational culture as a competitive advantage. In this study of three case companies, the organizational culture change due business model development projects is studied using the Competing Values Framework (CVF) tool and interviews with respondents about discovered changes. To reveal intervention and implied effects between business model development project and organizational culture changes, we used CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and outcome) to bridge practice and theory by explanatory, backward-looking research. Our case studies of companies in relatively short-duration business model development projects indicate that organizational culture may have some dynamic characteristics, for example, an increase of the adhocracy organizational type in all case companies or an increase in the hierarchical leadership type in one case company. Thus, the development of an organizational culture type can be partly controlled. Our results also indicated business model development projects do have a minor effect on organizational culture, even when development activities have not been put fully into practice. However, the more comprehensively business model development project activities have been put into practice, the larger the effect on organizational culture.},
	keywords = {business model, business model canvas, competing values framework, development project, organizational culture, service design, SME},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1096},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1096},
	author = {Ulla Santti and Tuomo Eskelinen and Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman and Ari Happonen}
}
@article {1081,
	title = {Improving Internal Communication Management in SMEs: Two Case Studies in Service Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {16-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Effective information management is a success factor for business growth, but small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in transferring knowledge and information from one organizational unit to another. In this study of two case companies, participative business model development processes were designed to identify challenges and solutions in internal communication management. A service design approach based on CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and output) showed that the participative business model technique and process can identify problems and challenges in internal communication management, as well as in the prioritization of actions. The process is a creative service design process including both divergent and convergent phases. The process increased motivation among personnel to find solutions, encouraged communication, and created joint understanding on how to solve problems. The technique helped to bring tacit information into use. },
	keywords = {business model, internal communication management, participative process, service design, stakeholder involvement, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1081},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1081},
	author = {Tuomo Eskelinen and Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman and Ulla Santti}
}
@article {1061,
	title = {Orchestrating Innovation Ecosystems: A Qualitative Analysis of Ecosystem Positioning Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {12-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how firms can orchestrate innovation ecosystems to enhance collaboration for innovation among different actors. Most previous research on ecosystems has focused on firm-level strategies to operate in an ecosystem rather than the composition or orchestration of an ecosystem as a whole. However, finding the balance between the self-interests of involved actors is critical in order to create collaborative settings that induce different parties to jointly develop and put their best efforts into a joint endeavour. Thus, we undertook a qualitative study with 35 case companies from the metal and engineering industries, each of whom was interested in developing their position in ecosystems and improving their relational business practices. The findings suggest that there is an essential ecosystem competence that is needed by all actors in an ecosystem, regardless of their position, and that is the ability to manage dynamic strategic interactions related to innovation. This competence enables them to ensure the future vitality of the ecosystem and their own business. These results highlight the need for managers to profile their own company{\textquoteright}s role in an ecosystem in relation to the type of ecosystems, while simultaneously evaluating the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s ability and potential to survive.},
	keywords = {actors, collaboration, ecosystems, innovation, orchestration, positioning, roles, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1061},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1061},
	author = {Katri Valkokari and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Maria M{\"a}ntyl{\"a} and Simo Jylh{\"a}-Ollila}
}
@article {1080,
	title = {Realistic Creativity Training for Innovation Practitioners: The Know{\textendash}Recognize{\textendash}React Model},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Creativity is increasingly being recognized as important raw material for innovation, which highlights the importance of identifying ways to increase the creativity of practitioners. In this article, we describe our efforts to design a creativity training program specifically for innovation practitioners. Our aim was to develop a program that would be both theoretically sound (i.e., based on a rigorous scientific foundation) and relevant for practitioners (i.e., applicable to real-world contexts). Our transdisciplinary study employed co-creation as a method to ensure that three layers of focus would be taken into consideration: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and metacognitive control. The result is a program called Creative Awareness Training, which is based on the new Know{\textendash}Recognize{\textendash}React model.},
	keywords = {co-creation, cognitive creativity, creative awareness, creative process, creativity, creativity training, front-end innovation, innovation process, metacognition, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1080},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1080},
	author = {Dagny Valgeirsdottir and Balder Onarheim}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {A Digital Maturity Model for Telecommunications Service Providers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {19-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Industries across the spectrum are being faced with a fundamental change: digital transformation. The telecommunications industry is no exception. For communications service providers, this transformation started some time ago with the emergence of so-called over-the-top (OTT) services such as WhatsApp and Skype. However, in spite of such transformation being underway, there is a lack of frameworks and tools to help communications service providers navigate such radical change. This article presents the findings of a research project to develop such a framework: the digital maturity model for telecommunications service providers. The model aims to offer a structured view of digital transformation that is specific to the context and challenges of the telecommunications industry and that can be used as a standard to help communications service providers benchmark themselves against peers or themselves as they advance their transformation. This article describes the need for the model and the methodology used to develop it, and it offers recommendations on how to use the model and further develop it as our understanding of digital transformation evolves.},
	keywords = {business, business transformation, digital, digital transformation, digitization, disruptive technologies, innovation, maturity model, telecommunications},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1008},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1008},
	author = {Omar Valdez-de-Leon}
}
@article {959,
	title = {Factors Affecting the Attrition of Test Users During Living Lab Field Trials},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Next to active user involvement and a multi-method approach, a third major principle within living lab research consists of capturing the real-life context in which an innovation is used by end users. Field trials are a method to study the interaction of test users with an innovation in the context of use. However, when conducting field trials, there are several reasons why users stop participating in research activities, a phenomenon labelled as attrition. In this article, we elaborate on drop-outs during field trials by analyzing three post-trial surveys of living lab field trials. Our results show that several factors related to the innovation, as well as related to the field trial setup, play a role in attrition, including the lack of added value of the innovation and the extent to which the innovation satisfies the needs and time restrictions of test users. Based on our findings, we provide practical guidelines for managers to reduce attrition during field trials.},
	keywords = {attrition, drop-out, field trial, Living lab, Open innovation, user engagement, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/959},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/959},
	author = {Annabel Georges and Dimitri Schuurman and Koen Vervoort}
}
@article {1000,
	title = {A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The circular economy concept is a novel economic model aiming to foster sustainable economic growth, boost global competitiveness, and generate new jobs. In order to make the circular economy mainstream, radical and systemic innovation is needed. Currently, a majority of the business modelling tools and methods lack at least some of the identified and needed elements for innovating business models in a circular economy. In this article, we build a framework for sustainable circular business model innovation by adding important perspectives: recognizing trends and drivers at the ecosystem level; understanding value to partners and stakeholders within a business; and evaluating the impact of sustainability and circularity. We present the results of a case study with a startup company, which was designed to test the framework and provide a concrete example of its usage and future development needs.},
	keywords = {business canvas, business model, case study, circular economy, innovation, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1000},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1000},
	author = {Maria Antikainen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1038,
	title = {Profiling Regional Innovation Ecosystems as Functional Collaborative Systems: The Case of Cambridge},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {6-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {It has been widely recognized that the national and regional development of innovation ecosystems has been a relatively successful model for regional revitalization, bringing together key actors to perform the relevant technology-driven development processes. The ecosystems have been organized and combine readily public sector interests with private sector business-oriented actions. However, all regions are not uniformly successful, which leaves open the question of how to guide the sub-optimum regional systems closer to the front-runner position. Why do some score better than the others? This article presents both theoretical and practical evidence of global best practice in developing regional innovation hubs and renders a fully integrated innovation hub framework that defines a novel, holistic approach to managing these ecosystems. The framework is tested and validated through a selected case study of Cambridge, United Kingdom, identifying the key ecosystem elements that are necessary for building up a solid foundation for the innovative regions.},
	keywords = {Cambridge, innovation ecosystem, management, orchestration, PPP, public{\textendash}private partnership, system thinking},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1038},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1038},
	author = {Jukka Viitanen}
}
@article {980,
	title = {Weighing the Pros and Cons of Engaging in Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {34-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The positive aspects of open innovation projects are widely discussed in innovation management research and practice by means of case studies and best practices. However, enterprises, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also face miscellaneous challenges in open innovation practice, leading to uncertainty and even renunciation of open innovation project participation. Thus, it is essential for SMEs to find the right balance between possible positive effects and negative consequences {\textendash} the latter being the less studied {\textquotedblleft}dark sides{\textquotedblright} of open innovation. However, appropriate methods of finding this balance are still lacking. In this article, we discuss the assessment of open innovation project participation by presenting a weighing and decision process framework as a conceivable solution approach. The framework includes an internal, external, and integrated analysis as well as a recommendation and decision phase. Piece by piece, we investigate the current situation and the innovation goals of the enterprise as an initial point for a decision for or against engaging in open innovation. Furthermore, we discuss the development of a software tool that automatically applies this framework and allows self-assessment by SMEs.},
	keywords = {benefits, entrepreneurship, Open innovation, open innovation participation, risks, self-assessment tool, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/980},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/980},
	author = {Andr{\'e} Ullrich and Gergana Vladova}
}
@article {919,
	title = {Business, Innovation, and Knowledge Ecosystems: How They Differ and How to Survive and Thrive within Them},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	pages = {17-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In management studies, the ecosystem metaphor is often utilized without clear definition and, thereby, several partially overlapping concepts such as industrial, business, service, innovation, and knowledge ecosystems have been introduced. The purpose of this conceptual article is to go beyond the confusion to define what is meant by different concepts regarding an ecosystem and especially describe the relationships between the three different ecosystem types: business, innovation, and knowledge ecosystems. The article contributes to the literature by describing how the ecosystem types differ in terms of their outcomes, interactions, logic of action, and actor roles. The results show that the three ecosystem types are interconnected from the viewpoint of the ecosystem actor. For practitioners, the article sheds more light on how the rules of the game (i.e., the logic of action) differ in the different types of ecosystems and demonstrates that different models are needed in order to operate in different ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, communities, conceptual paper, ecosystem, innovation ecosystem, knowledge ecosystem, logic of action, man-made ecosystem, platforms},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/919},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/919},
	author = {Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {877,
	title = {The City as Living Laboratory: Empowering Citizens with the Citadel Toolkit},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {6-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Lately, the concept of smart cities has been changing from a top-down and mostly technological-driven approach, towards a bottom-up process that facilitates participation and collaboration among city stakeholders. In this latter respect, the city is an ecosystem in which smart applications, open government data, and new modes of participation are fostering innovation. However, detailed analyses on how to manage bottom-up smart city initiatives, as well as descriptions of underlying challenges and barriers, are still scarce. Therefore, this article investigates four collaborative smart city initiatives in Europe to learn how cities can optimize citizen involvement in the context of public sector innovation. The analytical framework focuses on the different stakeholder roles in the ecosystem and the civic capacities to participate in the innovation process. The findings illustrate how more inclusive citizen involvement can be realized by providing different tools that align with the specific capacities and skills of the citizens. Furthermore, through specified workshop formats and peer learning, citizens lacking technical skills were also enabled to participate in the evolution of their cities, and to generate solutions from which both the city and everyday urban life can possibly benefit. },
	keywords = {citizen involvement, Living lab, open government data, smart city, toolkit},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/877},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/877},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Shenja van der Graaf}
}
@article {868,
	title = {Editorial: Technology in Service Innovation (February 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {customer experience, electronic procurement, employee-driven innovation, knowledge-intensive business services, personal health systems, service innovation, system innovation, technology, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/868},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/868},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Stephen L. Vargo and Marja Toivonen and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {944,
	title = {Q\&A. In the Innovation Game, Why Do So Many Companies Stay on the Sidelines?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {11/2015},
	pages = {35-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {co-creation, co-innovation, collaboration, innovation, lead users, Open innovation, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/944},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/944},
	author = {Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {750,
	title = {From Idea Crowdsourcing to Managing User Knowledge},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how technology companies can benefit from user knowledge in product and service innovation beyond mere idea generation through crowdsourcing. We investigate a case from the telecommunications sector to discover the ways a company can overcome the challenges of motivating users to participate in innovation activity and gaining from their knowledge in the innovation process. In particular, we seek to learn how the company has created understanding about the future uses of technology and the developments of the market with the lead users. In addition, we analyze the key means of capturing value from the knowledge gathered from the users, including the essential organizational practices that support user innovation and the ways the company makes sense of the vast volume and variety of user knowledge. Our empirical inquiry increases the understanding of how technology companies can complement and use crowdsourcing to effectively utilize knowledge resident in user communities. },
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, knowledge management, lead users, online communities, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/750},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/750},
	author = {Risto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Vuori and Jukka-Pekka Hares}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes: Towards a Conceptual Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {6-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time. },
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation ecosystem, Living lab, Open innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/748},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/748},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Dimitri Schuurman and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {705,
	title = {Managing Cybersecurity Research and Experimental Development: The REVO Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {34-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We present a systematic approach for managing a research and experimental development cybersecurity program that must be responsive to continuously evolving cybersecurity, and other, operational concerns. The approach will be of interest to research-program managers, academe, corporate leads, government leads, chief information officers, chief technology officers, and social and technology policy analysts. The approach is compatible with international standards and procedures published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (TBS). The key benefits of the approach are the following: i) the breadth of the overall (cybersecurity) space is described; ii) depth statements about specific (cybersecurity) challenges are articulated and mapped to the breadth of the problem; iii) specific (cybersecurity) initiatives that have been resourced through funding or personnel are tracked and linked to specific challenges; and iv) progress is assessed through key performance indicators.

Although we present examples from cybersecurity, the method may be transferred to other domains. We have found the approach to be rigorous yet adaptive to change; it challenges an organization to be explicit about the nature of its research and experimental development in a manner that fosters alignment with evolving business priorities, knowledge transfer, and partner engagement. },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, experimental development, performance indicators, research, research program lifecycle, research-activity descriptions, research-requirement statements, strategic research contexts},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/705},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/705},
	author = {Dan Craigen and Drew Vandeth and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {673,
	title = {Rethinking Open Innovation Beyond the Innovation Funnel},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {6-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, I first argue that open innovation can be applied in situations where companies do not themselves develop new products or services. As a consequence, open innovation becomes relevant for a much larger group of organizations than previously considered. Second, I argue that open-innovation scholars have insufficiently differentiated open-innovation initiatives in terms of their impact on companies{\textquoteright} growth: some open-innovation initiatives lead to incremental innovations in an existing business while, in other cases, open-innovation initiatives are used to establish completely new businesses. Both arguments illustrate the need to integrate open-innovation initiatives into the strategy of the firm.},
	keywords = {innovation funnel, new product development, Open innovation, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/673},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/673},
	author = {Wim Vanhaverbeke}
}
@article {408,
	title = {Cost Optimization Through Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The cost of information technology (IT) as a percentage of overall operating and capital expenditures is growing as companies modernize their operations and as IT becomes an increasingly indispensable part of company resources. The price tag associated with IT infrastructure is a heavy one, and, in today{\textquoteright}s economy, companies need to look for ways to reduce overhead while maintaining quality operations and staying current with technology. With its advancements in availability, usability, functionality, choice, and power, free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) provides a cost-effective means for the modern enterprise to streamline its operations. iXsystems wanted to quantify the benefits associated with the use of open source software at their company headquarters. This article is the outgrowth of our internal analysis of using open source software instead of commercial software in all aspects of company operations.  
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/408},
	author = {Mark VonFange and Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {426,
	title = {Renewal Through Co-Creation in Business Networks},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents four models of business renewal within networks based on a theoretical framework developed from earlier literature. According to the typical dimensions of business development, our framework distinguishes between the exploitation of present knowledge for efficiency and the exploration of new knowledge for new business development. Furthermore, the two network development and governance types (i.e., hub-spoke and multiplex) form the other dimension of the framework. The framework was empirically tested with five case companies and their business networks. The framework of network models may help managers to structure the business network and its renewal based on the strategic targets of a firm. Furthermore, the theoretical contribution of the paper deepens the understanding of how co-creation and interaction between the participants differ according to business focus and complexity of networks.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/426},
	author = {Raimo Hy{\"o}tyl{\"a}inen and Katri Valkokari and Petri Kalliokoski}
}
@article {262,
	title = {BSD Advocacy and Breaking Through Market Barriers},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Currently, proprietary businesses dominate the operating systems market. In 2008, Microsoft Windows controlled 87.9\% of the market with Mac OS X following up with 9.73\%, leaving only 2.37\% of the market to open source alternatives. However, in the past year alone, Linux market share has grown from .80\% to 1.02\% (a 27.5\% increase) and other open source operating systems have grown from .22\% to .58\% (a 163\% increase). These figures translate into millions of open source operating system users. The question is how to continue these upward trends and break the stranglehold that proprietary operating systems have on the markets. This article discusses the role that open source advocacy plays in increasing open source usage. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/262},
	author = {Melanie Groves VonFange}
}
