@article {1479,
	title = {Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Developing Countries: An evidence-based systematic review and bibliometric analysis},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010202},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Contemporary research on technology and innovation management has gauged blockchain as a catalyst for the electronic-information era. As developing countries around the globe are facing challenges to adopt and implement blockchain, this evidence-based systematic review aims to identify the implementation challenges of blockchain technology for developing countries. A total of 1,298 published documents during the period 2016-2021 from the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases were explored to recognize 19 appropriate publications for research analysis using a PRISMA flow diagram. Based on the identified challenges from the thorough reviews of these 19 publications, using the association technique, the authors developed four comprehensive themes as broad challenges: technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge. Later, they performed bibliometric analyses using VOSviewer 1.6.17, and based on the bibliometric evidence constructed term co-occurrence network plots. The results show that developing countries face challenges vis-{\`a}-vis technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge issues when implementing blockchain technology. Hence, to make blockchain adoption and implementation processes successful in developing countries, these broad categories of challenges must be properly addressed. In addition, practitioners of disruptive technology, policymakers, consultants, IT experts, business people, top company managers, and above all, respective governments need to pay attention to these challenges for accelerating the blockchain adoption and implementation process in developing countries.},
	keywords = {bibliometric analysis, blockchain, challenges, developing country, implementation, PRISMA, systematic review, VOSviewer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1479},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1479},
	author = {Abu Naser Mohammad Saif and K. M. Anwarul Islam and Afruza Haque and Hamida Akhter and S.M. Masudur Rahman and Nusrat Jafrin and Rasheda Akter Rupa and Rehnuma Mostafa}
}
@article {1477,
	title = {Editorial: Blockchain and Digital Transformation (1/2, 2022)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1483,
	title = {Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part II: Governance and Legal Issues, Future Opportunities, Development Needs and Research Pathways},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010206},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This interview on {\textquotedblleft}Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services{\textquotedblright} between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.},
	keywords = {blockchain, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology, FinTech, Real Time Settlement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1483},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1483},
	author = {Maryanne Morrow and Matthew Midson and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1482,
	title = {Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part I: Transformation and Adoption of DLTs, Technology and Innovation, Markets and Money Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010205},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This interview on {\textquotedblleft}Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services{\textquotedblright} between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.},
	keywords = {blockchain, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology, FinTech, Real Time Settlement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1482},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1482},
	author = {Maryanne Morrow and Matthew Midson and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1474,
	title = {Antecedents, Decisions, and Outcomes of a Sharing Economy: A Systematic Literature Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {59-71},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {59},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides a comprehensive framework-based review of literature on "Sharing Economy" (SE) using an ADO (antecedents, decisions, and outcomes) framework. Based on extensive coverage of studies published over a period of 12 years between 2008 and 2020, we reviewed extant research on this phenomenon from both, more developed and emerging countries. Using PRISMA methodology inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 93 articles for the review. The motivation to undertake this research was to understand emerging consumer behavior that intends to collaborate for consumption with the help of technological innovation. We identified major theoretical frameworks developed for investigating SEs and collaborative consumption behavior. The findings of the paper reveal possible antecedents, decisions, and outcomes of SEs. Many areas in the SE domain remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and for this the paper provides directions for future research.},
	keywords = {access-based economy, antecedents and motivators, collaborative consumption, decisions, determinants, gig economy, outcomes, sharing economy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1474},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1474},
	author = {Shweta Shirolkar and Kanchan Patil}
}
@article {1471,
	title = {Can Artificial Intelligence be a Critical Success Factor of Construction Projects? Practitioner perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {17-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The construction sector has not been altogether successful in adopting automated systems. Related research on artificial intelligence has mainly been confined to the development of software models for a specific subset of construction work. This study aims to identify whether artificial intelligence is a potential critical success factor for construction project success. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The interviewees were selected on the basis of convenience and included highly experienced project managers from the global community with expertise in project management working on large construction projects. Our research shows that senior project managers perceive artificial intelligence as different from information technology and advanced project management software. Major drawbacks of artificial intelligence were found to be (i) lack of soft skills, (ii) lack of intelligence to interpret things in various ways like human beings, and (iii) lack of human relationship capabilities, including the ways people manage projects. The interviewees believe that artificial intelligence is still years away from becoming self-aware. This study improves the understanding of artificial intelligence as a success factor for construction projects and provides future directions for research in this field.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, Construction Projects, Critical Success Factors, Project Success},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1471},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1471},
	author = {Virender Kumar and Amrendra Pandey and Rahul Singh}
}
@article {1425,
	title = {The Catch-22 in Strategizing for Radical Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {4-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate strategy development is a well-oiled and recurring process in most established companies. Innovation strategy, however, especially for radical innovation, is new and unknown territory. This creates challenges for companies with radical innovation ambitions. We followed the innovation strategy work of nine large organisations, finding that they all struggle with the process and how to link innovation with corporate strategy in a meaningful way, while at the same time not hampering the innovative ambitions of the organisation. We identify two main challenges of gravitation and alignment, and develop a framework aimed at asking the questions necessary for increasing awareness about inherent business challenges, and how to overcome them at the intersection between corporate and innovation strategy work.},
	keywords = {corporate strategy, innovation strategy, radical innovation, strategy challenges},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1425},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1425},
	author = {Helle Alsted S{\o}ndergaard and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Nicolai S{\o}ndergaard Laugesen}
}
@article {1419,
	title = {Cloud-Based Approach for Tracking and Monitoring of Hay Bales in Smart Agriculture},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {17-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The introduction of new technology to agriculture has resulted in enormous amounts of data and their handling and utilization challenge. Data is typically gathered from several sources such as field sensors, machines, industrial processes, different laboratories and officials. This has led to several complicated systems that are not always compatible. Farmers are confused, unaware, and face challenges in seeing the benefits for their business in relation to the time required. This paper introduces an automatic digital tracking and monitoring system for round feed bales on farms. In this system, bale data from sensors, switches, and a GPS-device in the baling machine are collected by hardware and sent to the cloud with the bale ID read from a RFID tag attached to each bale. A digital inventory of bales forms instantly, and baling can be followed on the map application with a mobile device. Data in the cloud is utilized for the farmer{\textquoteright}s user interface. The farmer can manage and do various operations with bales. An important outcome is the yield report, showing basic statistics, quantities, and qualities of bales in a digitalized field parcel. If the farmer wants to sell bales, this can easily be done with the tool. It makes sales by connecting the farmer to an e-commerce portal. A key question and challenge to be resolved involves who owns the data. All the benefits of digitalization can be achieved only with good cooperation and mutual agreement from farmers who want to have control of their data under all circumstances.},
	keywords = {bale inventory, bale trade, big data, precision farming, RFID, round bales, silage, Smart farming},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1419},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1419},
	author = {Ilpo P{\"o}l{\"o}nen and Antti Suokannas and Antti Juntunen}
}
@article {1445,
	title = {A Cross-Pollination of Ideas about Distributed Ledger Technological Innovation through a Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral lens: Insights from the Blockchain Technology Symposium {\textquoteright}21},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {58-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {58},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain Technology Symposium 2021 (BTS{\textquoteright}21) is a forum where academic researchers, industry professionals, and decision makers came together to present recent advancements, discuss adoption barriers, tackle common challenges, and explore future roadmaps surrounding blockchain and its related technologies such as consensus algorithms, smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledger technologies generally. As a follow-up to BTS{\textquoteright}18 and BTS{\textquoteright}20, which were hosted by Ryerson University and The Fields Institute, and by popular demand, BTS 2021 gathered a diverse audience from academia, industry, and policy makers to engage in a dialogue around crucial topics in the adoption of blockchain technology, with the aim of cross-fertilizing ideas from these communities to address the challenges and seize the opportunities brought forward by this promising technology. BTS{\textquoteright}21 featured multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral talks and presentations on four major themes: (1) decentralized finance (DeFi), (2) decentralized identity, (3) decentralized health and (4) decentralized supply chain management. This article provides reflections on some of the key insights found in the BTS\&rsquo;21 presentations.},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralization, decentralized finance, decentralized health, decentralized identity, decentralized supply chains, distributed ledgers, innovation, technology adoption, technology management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1445},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1445},
	author = {Victoria L. Lemieux and Atefeh Mashatan and Rei Safavi-Naini and Jeremy Clark}
}
@article {1426,
	title = {Discovery and Validation of Business Models:  How B2B Startups can use Business Experiments},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {17-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Startups searching for a business model face uncertainty. This research aims to demonstrates how B2B startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business model{\textquoteright}s desirability quickly and cost-effectively. The research study follows a design science approach by focusing on two main steps: build and evaluate. We first created a B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework based on well-known earlier frameworks. After that, we applied the framework to the case of the German startup heliopas.ai. The framework consists of four steps (1) implementation of a measurement system, (2) hypothesis development and prioritization, (3) discovery, and (4) validation. Within its application, we conducted business experiments, including online and offline advertisements, as well as interviews. This research contributes in several ways to the understanding of how B2B-startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business models: First, the designed B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework can serve as a guideline for company founders. Second, the results were used to improve the existing business model of the German B2B startup heliopas.ai. Finally, applying the framework allowed us to formulate design principles for creating business experiments. The design principles used in the study can be further tested in future studies.},
	keywords = {B2B Startup, Business Experiment Design, Business Experiments, business model, Customer Development Process, Four-Step Iterative Cycle, Growth Hacking, lean startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1426},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1426},
	author = {Patrick Brecht and Daniel Hendriks and Anja Stroebele and Carsten H. Hahn and Ingmar Wolff}
}
@article {1449,
	title = {Distributed Ledger Technologies and Social Machines: How to {\textquotedblleft}smartify{\textquotedblright} the economy with blockchain-based digital extension services?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {42-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {42},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper examines the broad impact of digitalization on economic development. More specifically, it addresses the computer science-derived notion of "social machines", along with the invention of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) (or blockchain), as potential signposts on the pathway to "smart(er) digital economies". The paper investigates blockchain-based ecosystems as examples of social machines that assist in economic "smartification" and development. It looks at distributed ledger-based communities (DLCs) that provide examples of functioning social machines for a variety of business and personal network communications purposes. It then analyses the scaleup of DLT-based social machines by comparison with "extension services", largely in education and agriculture, which are currently undergoing processes of digitalization. Overall, this conceptual study examines the general horizons and potential impact of blockchain and social machines on the provision of online products and services, across a range of sectors and industries. The paper offers interpretative assistance to managers, entrepreneurs, technology experts, and academics with lingering questions about blockchain in and for business and economic development.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, blockchain, digital economy, digital platform, distributed ledger technology, economic development, extension services, extension thinking, innovation diffusion, Internet of Things, ledger community, smartification, social machines, web science},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1449},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1449},
	author = {Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1440,
	title = {Ecosystems, Design, and Glocalization: A multi-level study of Technovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {32-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {32},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business ecosystems are an increasingly prominent organizational form in both management research and practice. A growing body of research exists about ecosystem design, but designing local ecosystem instances within a global ecosystem is not yet well understood or defined. This article contributes a multilevel, embedded case study of the global and local ecosystems anchored around the Technovation Girls competition - the world{\textquoteright}s largest technology entrepreneurship challenge for girls. We first define the process platform driving this ecosystem and anchoring the local instances. Second, we identify key architectural properties of a global-local ecosystem. Lastly, we specify a process for defining design rules in an organizational setting. In addition to theoretical relevance for ecosystem scholarship, our results are also of practical relevance to leaders of existing or nascent global ecosystems, who may benefit from techniques described in this paper that involve designing a flexible global ecosystem architecture that accommodates local variation.},
	keywords = {business ecosystems, Canada, design rules, glocalization, Mexico, multisided platform, technology entrepreneurship, Technovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1440},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1440},
	author = {Jasmine A. Shaw and Steven M. Muegge}
}
@article {1429,
	title = {Editorial: Celebrating the World of Innovation (March 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {3-3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1429},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1429},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1444,
	title = {Editorial: Distributed Ledger Technologies for Smart Digital Economies (June 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1444},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1444},
	author = {Steven Muegge and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1469,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (11/12, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1452,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (Issue 7/8, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1416,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (January 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Digital disruption, digital ecosystem, eCommerce, ecosystem, FAIR, Global eCom, innovation, Innovation management, innovation process, internationalization, interoperability, knowledge, opportunity, roadmap, scientometrics, small business, sustainability, text mining, university cooperation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1416},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1416},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1437,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (May 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1460,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (9/10, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1460},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1460},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1415,
	title = {A Roadmap for Systematically Identifying Opportunities in Ecosystems Using Scientific Publications Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {34-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {34},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Opportunity identification is a continuous process in ecosystems. However, ambiguities and challenges associated with knowledge exploration and exploitation can retard opportunity recognition processes. This in turn may culminate in excessive expenditure of resources or loss of latent opportunities. The present study adopts an analytical approach and proposes a methodological roadmap that utilizes scientometric and text mining techniques. The roadmap uses data from Web of Science as input, and generates insights that support decision-making about resource saving, strategic planning, investment, and policymaking. Our roadmap extends methods used in studying ecosystems by combining existing and novel techniques in data analytics. Using Python and VOSViewer, we show an exemplary application of the new roadmap, framed in the context of the Nordic countries{\textquoteright} renewable energy ecosystem. },
	keywords = {ecosystem, knowledge, opportunity, roadmap, scientometrics, text mining},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1415},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1415},
	author = {Behrooz Khademi and Hannele Lampela and Kosmas X. Smyrnios}
}
@article {1465,
	title = {Rural Living Labs: Inclusive Digital Transformation in the Countryside},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {59-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {59},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital transformation (DT) has received increasing attention in recent years. Up until now, most of the current studies focus on digital transformation in advanced and dense societies, especially urban areas and technologies. Hence, the phenomenon of DT is under-researched in the context of rural and sparsely populated contexts. This study aims at exploring how a rural living lab (RLL) can be shaped and how this approach can be designed to support digital transformation processes in rural contexts. In so doing, following a design science research methodology (DSRM) approach, we have made an artefact (that is, RLL framework) that is an "instantiation" that supports user centric digitalization of rural areas. The designed framework is developed based on the key components of "traditional" and "urban" living labs, as well as empirical data which was collected within the context of the DigiBy project. The DigiBy project aims at conducting DT pilots in rural areas to elevate peoples{\textquoteright} understanding of digitalization and the application of digitalization opportunities for service development in rural areas in the north of Sweden. As a result of these studies, five key components that guide the design of digital transformation pilots in rural areas emerged, namely: 1) rural context, 2) digitalization, 3) governance, control, and business mode, 4) methods facilitating DT processes, and 5) quintuple helix actors. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the rural living lab concept, followed by avenues for future research.},
	keywords = {Components, digital transformation, Living lab, Rural living lab, Rural residents, user engagement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1465},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1465},
	author = {Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Johanna Lindberg and Mari Runardotter and Yomn Elmistikawy and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Diana Chron{\'e}er}
}
@article {1472,
	title = {Technology Project Summaries as a Predictor of Crowdfunding Success},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {33-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {33},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdfunding has emerged in recent years as an important alternative means for technology entrepreneurs to raise funds for their products and business ideas. While the success rate of crowdfunding projects is somewhat low, scholarly understanding of what distinguishes projects that reach their fundraising goals from those that fail remains incomplete. Further, studies on crowdfunding success often examine a number of variables that make predicting success a challenge for entrepreneurs wiling to use crowdfunding. This study uses topic modelling on a data set of over 21,000 technology projects from Kickstarter to investigate if short-text project summaries can reveal predictors of fundraising success on crowdfunding platforms. The results indicate that compared to those that fail in fundraising, project summaries of successfully funded technology projects put forward more trendy topics, use wording that reflects novelty, and focus on solving a social problem. Our results contribute to theory and practice by suggesting the importance of summarizing project content for crowdfunding success.},
	keywords = {backers, crowdfunding, failure, funding, fundraising, Kickstarter, prediction, project, success, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1472},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1472},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Ishdeep Singh and Mervi Rajahonka and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1348,
	title = {Correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Implementation of AI in Human Resources Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {72-79},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {72},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper develops the concept of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in human resources management (HRM) through a research questionnaire and reports the results of a study designed to investigate the perception of adopting and introducing AI in HRM processes. In addition, it investigates the correlation between entrepreneurship orientation (EO) and AI in HRM processes. A survey was conducted with a sample of 310 firm members in the HR Section Romande, as well as a literature review on the adoption of new technologies. The results indicate a perceived positive value of introducing AI in HRM and a correlation between the level of a company{\textquoteright}s EO and the introduction of AI in HRM. This means that the more a company is entrepreneurially oriented, the more it tends to implement or include already implemented AI projects and tools in HRM processes. The perceived value of AI in HRM was evaluated by comparing answers to research questions involving the introduction of AI in HRM tools, and expectations of widely implementing AI in the next five years. The main barrier of adopting AI in HRM appeared to be a lack of skills and training. In addition, potential features of implementing AI in HRM were identified as potential steps toward introducing AI as a new technology. Questions regarding the evaluation of EO were based on a research Colvin Slevin (1989). It is important for SMEs to invest in information technology to set the basis for further development. Owing to intensified competitive pressures and the necessity of entering global markets, SMEs are incrementally employing Information Technology (IT) to create substantial benefits. Most prior research has focused more on IT adoption in large organizations, yet when regarding the limited resources of SMEs, the IT adoption process is considerably different. (Ghobakhloo, Sabouri, Hong and Zulkifli, 2011).},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, entrepreneurial orientation, Human Resource Management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1348},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1348},
	author = {Rico Baldegger and Maurizio Caon and Kreshnik Sadiku}
}
@article {1403,
	title = {Demystifiying the Meaning of Transnational Entrepreneurship: Indian transnational entrepreneurs in comparative perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {47-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {47},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Migration of people from one geographical location to another, within or outside a country, has a major role to play in the socio-economic development across the globe. "Migrants" and "immigrants" that showcase entrepreneurial traits and are valued in both home and host countries. Transnational entrepreneurs are often studied in various cross-national entrepreneurial research streams, like international entrepreneurship, immigrant entrepreneurship, thus causing ambiguity in the existing definitions. This paper contributes a specific definition of "transnational entrepreneurship", based on secondary research, which takes into account different mobility types. It emphasizes the importance of this construct for developing transnational entrepreneurial typologies. The authors propose a "framework of transnational entrepreneurship" in the paper.},
	keywords = {diaspora, entrepreneurship, immigrant, migration, transnational},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1403},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1403},
	author = {Supriya Singh and Punit Saurabh and Nityesh Bhatt}
}
@article {1386,
	title = {Designing a Visual Tool for Teaching and Learning Front-End Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper presents work on the design and development of a guided visual tool, the project client map (PCM), which is intended to assist students in their class projects solving real-world problems with industry clients. We use a design science research approach to contribute to existing knowledge through the design of an artefact (the PCM) that has a clear educational and learning goal, and that provides utility. Circumscribing a problem is an essential step to seed the ideation process in front-end innovation. While this step can employ existing tools that focus separately on the organisational, environmental, and human contexts of the problem under scrutiny, there is no formalised roadmap for how to integrate these tools. The PCM addresses this gap. We present a first version of the PCM in this paper, which will be refined in further work.},
	keywords = {design thinking, Evidence-based Learning, Evidence-based Teaching, front-end innovation, Problematisation, Visual tools},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1386},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1386},
	author = {Priscilla Kan John and Emmaline Lear and Patrick L{\textquoteright}Espoir Decosta and Shirley Gregor and Stephen Dann and Ruonan Sun}
}
@article {1343,
	title = {Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Internationalization of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Nowadays, we are living in a digitally connected global economy that is completely transforming trade in foreign markets and exposing firms, particularly micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), to major changes and new opportunities. As the use of digital technologies is creating more fluidity and nonlinearity across time and space in entrepreneurial processes, our research adopted a conceptual process to investigate how the digital transformation of MSMEs will support decision-makers in international businesses. Based on a quantitative research design, we demonstrate that the more a company digitalizes its functions, the more it favours entrepreneurial behavior to lead successful strategic decisions in foreign markets. Our results are discussed in detail and we propose several ways to benefit from opportunities arising from the use of digital technologies.},
	keywords = {digital entrepreneurship, digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientaton, international entrepreneurship, MSMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1343},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1343},
	author = {Anna{\"e}le Herv{\'e} and Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1342,
	title = {Editorial: Digitalization and Internationalization (April 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business network hubs, businessmodel, coaching, digital entrepreneurship, digitalization, digitalmarketing, entrepreneurial orientation, export practices, facilitators, impacts, international entrepreneurship, internationalization, liability of foreignness, MSMEs, network view, scaling, SME internationalization, SMEs, support institutions, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1342},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1342},
	author = {Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1390,
	title = {Editorial: Innovating in Times of Crisis (September 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1390},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1390},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1410,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (December 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {12/2020},
	pages = {3-3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {5G technology; Bitcoin, blockchain, business model, business model innovation, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, Diem, Diem Association, digital currency, distributed ledger technology, Facebook, fiat currencies, financial inclusion, Financial industry, front-end, ideation, innovation, Libra, local currencies, Management Model, not-for-profit, research center, strategic foresight, strategy, technology firms; project portfolio management, tokenization; product innovativeness, visioning},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1410},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1410},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1323,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (February 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1323},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1323},
	author = {Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1298,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (January 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {AI, artificial intelligence, B2B sales, big data, business-to-business sales, data-based value, digital solutions, ecosystem, ecosystems, Ethics, Gujarat State, Indian IT industry, innovation, IT clusters, Knowledge Innovation clusters, Networks Analysis, regional development, Roboethics, Smart robot, strategy, Systematic literature review, technology, value capture, value creation, value sales},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1298},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1298},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1375,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (July 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1375},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1375},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1363,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (June 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, blockchain, crowdfunding, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, developing countries., distributed ledger technology, Employeedriven innovation, entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurship, Ethereum, Financial industry, FinTech, ICOs, IEO, innovation, intellectual property rights, internationalization, IT industry, job autonomy, mining industry, moral hazard, need for autonomy, new company, Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces framework, regulation, scaling company value, scaling-up, self-leadership, signaling, SME, STO, sustainability, technological environment, technology, technology readiness, token offering, token sales, tokenization, value proposition, value proposition alignment, venture capital},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1363},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1363},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1404,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (November 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {AI innovation and maturity, and diaspora entrepreneurs., artificial intelligence, confidential information, criminal law, digitally enhanced teamwork, economic espionage, entrepreneurship, health technology, immigrants, Innovation management, living labs, migration, Multidisciplinarity, situated practice, small and medium-sized enterprises, stakeholder participation, sustainability, trade secrets, transnationals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1404},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1404},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1396,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (October 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {3-3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Advanced Analytics, AI maturity. Data science, AI value chain, AI-driven platform innovation, Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, business decision-making, business model components, business models, content analysis, data-dominant logic, dominant logic, empirical study, enterprise platform, industries, online communication, online data collection, organizational and managerial requirements, principal component analysis, R\&D, research and development, secondary data. Sustainability, SMEs. Disruptive innovation, sustainable innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1396},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1396},
	author = {Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1381,
	title = {Editorial: ISPIM Bangkok (August 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Basic research, biotech startups., co-working, Conceptual research, disruption, incubators, innovation, Integrative marketing, investors, knowledge-sharing, Open marketing, organizational capabilities, Pharmaceutical companies, roles, service ecosystems, service entities, service-dominant logic, stakeholders, strategic marketing, strategy-innovation link, structured literature review, triadic relationships, University and Public research institute, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1380},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1380},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1400,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}I Stood By and Watched{\textquotedblright}:  An Autoethnography of Stakeholder Participation in a Living Lab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {19-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {An emerging and innovative way of organizing projects in health technology and innovation is the so-called "living lab" Because of their characteristics, living labs may provide a solution to a very old problem: how to facilitate the meaningful participation of stakeholders in science and technology? In this article, I (we use a first-person perspective in the paper) aim to contribute to the literature by providing an account of my experiences as a participation researcher with stakeholder participation in a living lab in the Netherlands. I participated in a yearlong project on ensuring freedom for residents in a closed psychogeriatric ward. Using three key moments from that experience, I illustrate why participation was the intention, but was harder to achieve in practice. Participation processes and living labs are situated in specific social and physical contexts. I discuss the "situatedness" of living labs and propose to reconceptualize them as "situated practices" the value of a living lab lies in the processes of work it conducts on specific innovations situated in its local context. A key conclusion is that providing narrative descriptions of living lab projects, with attention to situatedness and stakeholder participation, can provide invaluable examples, insights, and inspirations for other researchers in the field.},
	keywords = {dementia, health technology, living labs, nursing home, psychogeriatric care, situated practice, stakeholder participation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1400},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1400},
	author = {Samuel Schrevel and Meralda Slager and Erwin de Vlugt}
}
@article {1399,
	title = {Integrated AI and Innovation Management: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {5-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a growing consensus around the transformative and innovative power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. AI will transform which products are launched and how new business models will be developed to support them. Despite this, little research exists today that systematically explores how AI will change and support various aspects of innovation management. To address this question, this article proposes a holistic, multi-dimensional AI maturity model that describes the essential conditions and capabilities necessary to integrate AI into current systems, and guides organisations on their journey to AI maturity. It explores how various elements of the innovation management system can be enabled by AI at different maturity stages. Two key experimentation stages are identified, 1) an initial stage that focuses on optimisation and incremental innovation, and 2) a higher maturity stage where AI becomes an enabler of radical innovation. We conclude that AI technologies can be applied to democratise and distribute innovation across organisations.},
	keywords = {AI innovation, AI maturity, artificial intelligence, IMS ISO 56002, Innovation management, maturity model},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1399},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1399},
	author = {Nina Bozic Yams and Valerie Richardson and Galina Esther Shubina and Sandor Albrecht and Daniel Gillblad}
}
@article {1373,
	title = {Internationalization and Digitalization: Applying digital technologies to the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {29-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {29},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digitalization is playing an increasingly important role in the growth of firms and is leading to structural and strategic transformations. The use of digital technologies presents new opportunities for SMEs to expand and succeed in foreign markets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the impact of digital technologies on the internationalization process of SMEs has been acknowledged in the literature. It offers an in-depth analysis of five of the most highly relevant recent scientific research papers. The findings are synthetized through key points that highlight how SMEs acting in foreign markets could benefit from digital technologies. This paper complements previous research on the international trade transition initiated by digital technologies and provides a new perspective on contemporary research regarding the internationalization of firms. It concludes by identifying implications for research by scholars seeking to further study the digital aspects of traditional theoretical models of internationalization.},
	keywords = {digital entrepreneurship, digital technologies, digitalization, international business, internationalization, SMEs.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1373},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1373},
	author = {Anna{\"e}le Herv{\'e} and Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1320,
	title = {Multi-Actor Network Perspective: CaliBaja an emergent binational innovation ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To contribute to the field of management of technology and innovation, this paper focuses on a multi-actor network perspective to map stakeholders and identifies key actors in CaliBaja{\textquoteright}s binational innovation ecosystem. This region has a unique territorial extension and population dynamics. It is a land of opportunity for global businesses, houses world-class colleges, universities and applied research institutes, and has been recently acknowledged as a global innovative mega-region. We apply social network analysis to this region as an innovative and valuable methodology to identify significant local contributors, defined as according to key elements and success factors that promote and establish communication and interaction among the network stakeholders. },
	keywords = {innovation ecosystems, Networks Analysis, regional development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1320},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1320},
	author = {Sylvia M{\'o}nica P{\'e}rez-N{\'u}{\~n}ez and Arturo Serrano-Santoyo}
}
@article {1335,
	title = {Organizing the Development of Digital Product-Service Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {37-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {37},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Servitization is today a common theme among manufacturing companies, with the goal of better addressing the needs of their customers. Digitalization is one key enabler of servitization. One aspect of this concept can be provided through digital product-service platforms, which may facilitate the enrichment of a market offer, as well as keeping costs under control. Platforms are in general a well-established concept for manufacturing companies, as enablers of rich product offerings based on a few components. Less is known, however, about how the ambition to create digital product-service platforms interplays with the business model innovation needed as a result of the servitization efforts, along with processes and organization. This paper identifies a number of challenges that manufacturing companies may face when undertaking platform development for services, based on an empirical study made in the Swedish company Husqvarna Group.},
	keywords = {business model innovation, corporate entrepreneurship, digital platforms, servitization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1335},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1335},
	author = {Johan Simonsson and Mats Magnusson and Anders Johanson}
}
@article {1332,
	title = {Rapid Learning and Knowledge-Gap Closure During the Conceptual Design Phase {\textendash} Rapid R\&D},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New product development strategies, such as set-based concurrent engineering design (SBCED) or set-based design (SBD), have demonstrated improved ways to address knowledge gaps in alternate design concepts prior to the decision to select a single concept for development. Most of the corpus in this field addresses engineering product development that relies on systems and subsystems with years of prior experience in testing, development, and operation. These often have known or existing solutions, and use state-of-the-art (SOA), or near SOA technology. In addition, most papers do not dive into the details of how knowledge was attained to rapidly close critical knowledge gaps. This paper attempts to explain how a research-based method to construct knowledge can accelerate the knowledge capture critical for developing solutions to extremely challenging problems. This rapid R\&D methodology enables a rapid acquisition of critical knowledge to understand potential failure modes of concepts in a set-based way. Thus, it enables intelligent decisions for the selection of the final concept as well as the continuous maturation of parallel concepts. The continuous, parallel maturation of multiple concepts enables effective off-ramps in the design process as requirements and new knowledge arise in the course of the development program, without incurring excessive rework, cost growth, and schedule creep. The goal of this paper is to describe a method that accelerates the generation of critical knowledge early in the conceptual design phase, as a way to close knowledge gaps quickly, and thus enable intelligent design decisions and concept selections early in the product development cycle. The methodological descriptions are illustrated with case examples from NASA technology development.},
	keywords = {knowledge gaps, R\&D, Rapid product development, set-based design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1332},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1332},
	author = {Charles J. Camarda and Stephen J. Scotti and Iivari Kunttu and Antti Perttula}
}
@article {1336,
	title = {Rapid Product Development in University-Industry Collaboration: Case Study of a Smart Design Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {49-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {49},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {University-industry collaboration aims at mutually beneficial knowledge and technology exchange between higher education and business. Prototyping new products is one sweet spot where industry can gain new valuable knowledge and understanding of technology, while higher education institutions develop the skills and competences of students by encouraging them to work on authentic real-life problems. From the \&ldquo;design thinking\&rdquo; perspective, rapid product development can be defined as the creation of new products, in the shortest timescales possible, that meet the criteria of desirability, feasibility, and viability. This article addresses rapid product development by presenting a case study of developing prototypes in university-industry collaboration. As a result, the study highlights key design principles, such as the importance of involving teachers, business representatives, and students in collaborative project design, of focusing on the customers or service users who will benefit from the design, and of guiding students participating in co-creation activities. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the industry, the article contributes to design thinking and rapid product development in university-industry collaboration.},
	keywords = {co-creation, Co-creation pedagogy, design thinking, Rapid product development, University-Industry Collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1336},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1336},
	author = {Jari Jussila and Jukka Raitanen and Atte Partanen and Vesa Tuomela and Ville Siipola and Irma Kunnari}
}
@article {1394,
	title = {A Systematic Analysis of how Practitioners Articulate Business Models across Disruptive Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {29-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {29},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Ongoing debates surround the role of business models in understanding the dynamics related to disruptive innovation. Too little is still known about how practitioners highlight different characteristics of business models across industries confronted with disruptive dynamics. This shortcoming in current debates hampers a better understanding of the context-dependent phenomenon of "disruption", ultimately limiting the development of adequate business strategies for incumbents and entrepreneurs alike. Consequently, we generated a systematic database of communicated business models from 1,095 relevant press releases and company reports published between 1995 and 2019. The business models from the retrieved articles were assigned to their corresponding industry using the Global Industry Categorization Standard (GICS) to allow for diverse categorization. Subsequently, we performed a deductive coding procedure, building on accepted business model component classifications. Our study contributes insights about relevant business model components, drawing on practitioner experiences in the face of disruptive dynamics.},
	keywords = {business model components, business models, content analysis, disruptive innovation, industries, secondary data},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1394},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1394},
	author = {Alina Marie Herting and Alexander Lennart Schmidt}
}
@article {1377,
	title = {Understanding the Strategy-Innovation Link in an Era of Disruptions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {4-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Whereas innovation and strategy traditionally are treated as two separate fields of expertise and research, this conceptual paper aims to identify how strategy theory can be linked to recent developments within the innovation field. Innovation research seeks to explain the process of creating new products and services. Strategy research, in turn, intends to explain how businesses create lasting competitive advantages. In recent years, research in strategy has shifted towards explaining how organizational capabilities and environmental turbulence are related, increasingly recognizing that it is difficult to retain sustainable competitive advantages, unless market dynamics and business renewal are addressed. To establish a systematic integration and analysis, we present the results of an extensive literature review of 1,268 research articles published between 2007-2017 to address the question: <em>To what degree, and how, have strategy and innovation been linked in leading management journals?</em> Our analysis reveals that research addressing both strategy and innovation is limited, but highly cited. Moreover, we identify 5 main themes, which in turn reflected 12 subsidiary themes addressed in extant research. These themes combine to give important insights about the research that been done and what is likely to be needed going forward.},
	keywords = {Conceptual research, disruption, organizational capabilities, strategy-innovation link., structured literature review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1376},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1376},
	author = {Karl Breunig and Tale Skj{\o}lsvik}
}
@article {1355,
	title = {Values and Practices behind Collaborative Childcare in Knowledge-based Organizations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {41-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {41},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New forms of socializing care that leverage community networks and are based on alternative social arrangements are being experimented with in different grassroots contexts. They are being framed as innovative practices to facilitate the integration of professional and caring responsibilities. In this changing landscape, the private sector might benefit from new forms of welfare policies and family-friendly practices that are based on the co-participation of employees, and encouraged by public policies targeting workplace solutions for childcare. This paper intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on socio-technical innovation in management by exploring how collaborative childcare services might be deployed in workplace settings. At the same time, it investigates the role of digital technology in facilitating employees{\textquoteright} engagement and participation.},
	keywords = {Collaborative workplace practices, Employee participation, Grounded design., Sharing networks, Work-life balance},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1355},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1355},
	author = {Gianluca Schiavo and Chiara Leonardi and Massimo Zancanaro}
}
@article {1321,
	title = {What impedes the success of late mover IT clusters despite economically favorable environments? A case study of an Indian IT cluster},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {54-67},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {54},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Information Technology (IT) industry in India, is one of the major contributors to the country{\textquoteright}s growth story. It is organized in a few strong and dominant clusters across the country. Recent research focuses on the emergence, growth and success of the seven big IT clusters that account for 96.55\% of total software exports from the country. Unlike the six successful late mover clusters, there are several other late mover IT clusters that have not experienced similar growth. Why do some of the late mover IT clusters in India succeed while others fail to take off despite favorable economic conditions? This paper applies a case study method to answer this research question by examining a single cluster, using both primary and secondary data. The paper concludes with a new framework to explain how an IT cluster lacks the motivation to succeed when it has to gain traction alongside the competing dynamics of traditional businesses. We find this to be the case more so when traditional businesses are thriving and growing.},
	keywords = {Gujarat State, Indian IT industry, IT clusters, Knowledge Innovation clusters, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1321},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1321},
	author = {Harini Mittal and Punit Saurabh and Devang Rohit and Kathak Mehta}
}
@article {1380,
	title = {Which Factors Influence a Company{\textquoteright}s Evaluation of the Contribution of Basic Research to Innovation?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {38-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {39},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper empirically analyses how individuals in companies evaluate the contributions of basic research by universities and public research institutes to industry from multiple perspectives: manager as a spokesperson of the company (science-based industry or others), position within the company (managers or inventors), affiliations of inventors (large pharmaceutical companies or biotech start-ups), and educational background. This paper focuses on the case of Japan. Questionnaire surveys were sent to managers and inventors in established companies and start-ups across several industries. This study found that, 1) the more science-oriented the company, the higher their managers evaluate academic research, 2) inventors evaluate academic research more highly than managers, 3) inventors from biotech start-ups evaluate academic research more highly than inventors from large companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and 4) the more advanced their educational background, the more highly inventors evaluate academic research. This study suggests that {\textquoteright}closeness to science{\textquoteright} is an important factor for companies to evaluate contributions of basic research to innovation. The findings also suggest that problems within the current educational system are an indirect cause of the innovation crisis in Japan.},
	keywords = {Basic research, Biotech start-ups, innovation, Pharmaceutical companies, University and Public research institute},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1379},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1379},
	author = {Hiromi S. Nagane and Koichi Sumikura}
}
@article {1209,
	title = {Alliances in Financial Ecosystems: A Source of Organizational Legitimacy for Fintech Startups and Incumbents},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {20-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Financial ecosystems are transforming around new financial technology, or {\textquotedblleft}fintech{\textquotedblright}. As such ecosystems transform, the basis for being seen as legitimate also changes for all actors. Thus, alliances between actors within financial ecosystems are increasingly formed to help gain, maintain, and repair organizational legitimacy. From interviews with fintech startups in Sweden and with venture capitalist firms investing in fintech startups in Sweden, we explore the intertwined quests for organizational legitimacy in a transforming financial ecosystem. As Swedish fintech startups seek to establish a sense of their legitimacy, simultaneously incumbents seek to maintain and repair their organizational legitimacy. Adopting a legitimacy-based view of strategic alliances, we set out the aspects of organizational legitimacy that incumbents and fintech startups look for in a potential partner and how these aspects meet the legitimacy needs of each partner. We argue that alliances further enhance the organizational legitimacy of both fintech startups and incumbents.},
	keywords = {financial ecosystems, fintech startups, organizational legitimacy, relational perspective, strategic alliances},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1209},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1209},
	author = {Christopher Svensson and Jakob Udesen and Jane Webb}
}
@article {1210,
	title = {Are High-Tech Companies More Competitive Than Others? An Empirical Study of Innovative and Exporting French SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {33-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The main objective of this research work is to question the relationship between the technological intensity of SMEs (defined by the share of R\&D expenditure in turnover, according to the OECD) and their growth potential (defined by their innovation and export capabilities). Through a multiple case study conducted with a panel of nine French SMEs, and through an analysis combining a qualitative approach (illustrative cases study) and a quantitative one (multidimensional statistical methods), several hypotheses were tested. Finally, this study points out that technological intensity, as defined by the OECD, is not directly correlated with the growth potential of SMEs. On the other hand, a company{\textquoteright}s technological intensity would have an impact on the way it manages its innovation and internationalization process, and thus the way it manages its internal practices. },
	keywords = {export, innovation, multiple-case study, SMEs, technological intensity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1210},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1210},
	author = {Manon Enjolras and Mauricio Camargo and Christophe Schmitt}
}
@article {1274,
	title = {Beyond the Hype: A Bibliometric Analysis Deconstructing Research on Digitalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {38},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The accelerating emergent field of research addressing digitalization and related topics is complex, unstructured and hyped. Consequently, both research and practice lack a rigorous foundation of prior published research to underpin and direct future exploration into the opportunities and challenges provided by these exciting new digital technologies. This study employed a bibliometric analysis to explore extant published research within the digitalization field. We identified key articles that have enabled us to distinguish between interrelated digitalization concepts. Subsequently, we propose a taxonomy with characteristics for different levels of digitalization. The taxonomy contributes dimensions that create different commercial and organizational opportunities and challenges at various levels. The taxonomy offers a vantage point for subsequent empirical and conceptual research to extend insights on related digitalization themes, and especially those related to innovation and strategy decisions on scalability, automation, channel selection and connectivity.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1274},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1274},
	author = {Andrea Holand and Silje Svadberg and Karl Joachim Breunig}
}
@article {1254,
	title = {Digital Payments: Impact Factors and Mass Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {41-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study explores impact factors that affect the adoption of digital payment systems in sub-Saharan Africa. In this article, we investigate the impact factors that subject-matter experts consider most important to the success of FinTech payment models. The data and their responses are evaluated through the lens of Christensen{\textquoteright}s market-creation theory, which contends that the adoption of market-creating innovations by a mass swathe of heretofore non-consumers {\textquotedblleft}pulls{\textquotedblright} framework conditions into place, including missing infrastructure and enabling regulation. Then, we compare the findings with the literature and three case studies of mobile money adoption in Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria. This study addresses a gap in the literature regarding the payment and money transfer segment of FinTech innovations in Africa using a multiple case study methodology. We drew together information from multiple sources, including semi-structured interviews, archival data in the form of industry and regulatory reports, and observational field notes. Our findings suggest that enabling environments (Kenya) do jumpstart adoption and difficult frameworks (Nigeria) do evolve. This study will help FinTech innovators, academics, and policymakers to understand how technology and framework conditions impact payment business models in Africa. },
	keywords = {adoption, blockchain, FinTech, mobile money, non-consumption, payments, sub-Saharan Africa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1254},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1254},
	author = {Leigh Soutter and Kenzie Ferguson and Michael Neubert}
}
@article {1233,
	title = {A Discipline-Spanning Overview of Action Research and Its Implications for Technology and Innovation Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {48-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The iterative and learning character of action research is particularly beneficial for exploring complex socio-technical problems in technology and innovation management (TIM). In this respect, action research allows both rigorous and relevant research due to parallel solving of real-world problems, capability building, and gaining scientific insights. However, the use of action research within TIM research is surprisingly limited. Action research also is not a homogeneous research methodology since each research discipline, such as education and organizational science, has its own action research streams, which are often only loosely linked. A systematic overview of those action research traditions and specific best practices is still missing, which complicates a systematic transfer and use of action research in TIM. This article addresses this essential gap by building a cross-disciplinary overview of action research streams based on a bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The analysis includes relevant disciplines with action research traditions, their development over time, and the most influential journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Along with this discipline-spanning analysis, the article investigates particular TIM benefits and challenges of action research. The two key contributions of this article are: 1) a discipline-spanning overview of action research and its evolution and 2) an analysis of its implications for TIM research. These contributions build the basis for strengthening the use of action research in TIM. In the medium-term, action research has the capacity to link academia and industry more closely and, in doing so, assists important endeavours of translating more of our research outcomes into practice.},
	keywords = {action research, bibliometrics, discipline-spanning analysis, literature review, technology and innovation management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1233},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1233},
	author = {Matthias Guertler and Nathalie Sick and Anton Kriz}
}
@article {1286,
	title = {Editorial: Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Management (December 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1286},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1286},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1270,
	title = {Editorial: Celebrating Innovation in Florence (October 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {3-4},
	chapter = {3},
	keywords = {behavioural economics, behavioural science, bibliometric analysis, business models, Buyer-Supplier Relationships, choice architecture, collaboration, consumer-to-business, Content creator-based business models, content creators, creativity management, digital platforms, digital technologies, digital transformation, Digital user involvement, digitalization, digitization, disruption, e-commerce, human-centered data economy, IIoT, Industry 4.0, innovation, innovation policy, intellectual commerce, Living lab, mission-led science, multisided platforms, personal data, research impact, social commerce, Supplier Integration, taxonomy, user-generated content},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1256,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation for Global and Local Impact (August 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {ISPIM,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1256},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1256},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1278,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (November 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, competitive advantage, cybersecurity, deep learning, Deepfake, design rules, digitalization, entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, fake news, innovation, international entrepreneurship, leadership, Learning Capabilities, marketing, motivation, new venture teams, quadruple helix, sanctions, SMEs, teamwork, triple helix, university business incubation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1278},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1278},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1220,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (March 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {accelerators, business models, frameworks, innovation, living labs, Open innovation, stakeholders, sustainability, tools, UN Sustainable Development Goals, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1220},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1220},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Mari Runardotter and Diana Chron{\'e}er}
}
@article {1259,
	title = {Escaping the {\textquoteleft}Faster Horses{\textquoteright} Trap:  Bridging Strategic Foresight and Design-Based Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {30-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Design thinking is inherently and invariably oriented towards the future in that all design is for products, services or events that will exist in the future, and be used by people in the future. This creates an overlap between the domains of design thinking and strategic foresight. A small but significant literature has grown up in the strategic foresight field as to how design thinking may be used to improve its processes. This paper considers the other side of the relationship: how methods from the strategic foresight field may advance design thinking, improving insight into the needs and preferences of users of tomorrow, including how contextual change may suddenly and fundamentally reshape these. A side-by-side comparison of representative models from each field is presented, and it is shown how these may be assembled together to create a foresight-informed design thinking process.},
	keywords = {design thinking,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1259},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1259},
	author = {Adam Gordon and Rene Rohrbeck and Jan Schwarz}
}
@article {1223,
	title = {Exploring Participation Needs and Motivational Requirements When Engaging Older Adults in an Emerging Living Lab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {38-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a growing body of literature regarding living labs, which are seen as an effective way to develop and evaluate research for novel products and services with the actual end users. With growth in the living labs model, there is an increasing need for guidelines to steer and support the set-up and maintenance of initiatives, and to facilitate relationships and engagement with stakeholders and users in this context. This study seeks to address this need, in part, by exploring the needs, expectations, and motivations that older adults have in relation to research participation in an emerging living lab. This work is part of a wider research project to develop an integrated framework to guide emerging living labs. Eight semi-structured interviews were undertaken with six residents and two family members from two residential settings for older adults that were collaborating to establish a living lab environment. A concept-driven coding frame supported the coding and analysis of the interview transcripts. The results provide insights in relation to participant motivation to take part in research, and they identify some issues of concern for participants, both residents and family members, related to living lab initiatives. As a first step in developing a successful living lab culture of collaborative research, this study has demonstrated that open discussion with residents and their families should continue to guide processes and research design as the emerging living lab initiative continues. },
	keywords = {family views, Living lab, motivation to participate, older adults, research participation, user expectations, user needs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1223},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1223},
	author = {Tiziana C. Callari and Louise Moody and Janet Saunders and Gill Ward and Nikki Holliday and Julie Woodley}
}
@article {1232,
	title = {Increasing the Impact of Industry{\textendash}Academia Collaboration through Co-Production},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {37-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Increased competition and globalization motivate us to join forces to enhance the impact of the research conducted. Collaboration between organizations with different views can, however, be difficult to manage and needs awareness and skills to meet different expectations. This article will consider both a mutual industrial and academic perspective into the development of action research and, in six research project cases, empirically explore how the impact can be enhanced by considering certain key factors in the research process. How the phases of problem formulation, methodology, and results are managed is critical for the success of a collaboration and, thereby, its impact. Counter-productive forces that could dilute the progress over time need to be considered given that combining practical relevance and scientific rigour comes with challenges.},
	keywords = {action research, co-production, collaboration, impact, industry{\textendash}academia collaboration, key factors, relevance, rigour},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1232},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1232},
	author = {Anna Sann{\"o} and Anna Ericson {\"O}berg and Erik Flores-Garcia and Mats Jackson}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Innovation Management in Living Lab Projects: The Innovatrix Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {63-73},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite living labs being described as {\textquotedblleft}orchestrators{\textquotedblright} and innovation intermediaries, there is scant literature providing concrete guidelines and tools for living lab practitioners on the topic of project-related innovation management. To address this need, we propose Innovatrix, an innovation management framework built upon existing business model and innovation management tools and frameworks and iterated based on practical experience in living lab projects. In this article, we illustrate the added value of the proposed framework through three practical case studies that lead to three propositions regarding innovation management in living lab projects. First, Innovatrix helps to scope the user involvement activities, which leads to greater efficiency and faster decision making. Second, Innovatrix forces the project owner to focus on a limited number of customer segments, which increases the speed of learning as the scarce entrepreneurial resources are dedicated to a limited number of segments. Third, Innovatrix allows practitioners to capture the iterations and pivots that were made during an innovation project, which helps to link specific outcomes with certain living lab activities.},
	keywords = {assumption, business modelling, Innovation management, living labs, testing, user research, validation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1225},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1225},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Olivier Rits}
}
@article {1271,
	title = {Kick-Start for Connectivity: How to Implement Digital Platforms Successfully in Industry 4.0},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Based on digitalization and interconnectedness, Industry 4.0 causes a structural change in the value creation processes, and thus reinforces the transformation of business processes and business models. One way for companies to cope with this development and its associated challenges is to apply digital platforms in the value creation process. As the potential of digital platforms for industrial value creation can only be leveraged to its full extent with adequate implementation, this paper addresses the research question: How are digital platforms best implemented in Industry 4.0 contexts; Using a qualitative case study design, based on 32 semi-structured expert interviews, the study identifies different triggers and initiators, challenges, and respective countermeasures, as thematic core elements of implementation, and requirements for platforms. The research insights contribute to existing literature on Industry 4.0 and digital platforms. In addition, the paper discusses practical implications for industrial companies.},
	keywords = {Buyer-Supplier Relationships, collaboration, digital platforms, Digital Technologies., IIoT, Industry 4.0, Supplier Integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1271},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1271},
	author = {Marie-Christin Schmidt and Johannes W. Veile and Julian M. M{\"u}ller and Kai-Ingo Voigt}
}
@article {1217,
	title = {Mastering the Digital Transformation Process: Business Practices and Lessons Learned},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {36-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Due to its unique features and accessibility, the focus of implementing digital technology is no longer just to improve internal operations, but to expand internal dimensions, reach customers and external partners, affect services, integrate processes, disrupt markets, and fundamentally change industries. It is no surprise that the notion of digital transformation has garnered much research interest, especially from the practitioners{\textquoteright} point of view, but academic achievements are somehow lagging behind, possibly because frameworks for digital transformation are still evolving. In this article, we tried to address that gap by conducting holistic research of digital transformation in companies. We used a series of in-depth interviews to inform comprehensive case studies of three companies from different industries that are in different stages of digital transformation. We carefully investigated the companies{\textquoteright} experiences in the process of digital transformation, which are discussed here to provide valid theoretical framing. We conclude that, in addition to technology adoption, important factors for successful digital transformation are the ability of an organization to change and operational excellence in the integration of external digital services with internal IT support. In that light, we summarize our findings in a form of discovered (sub)dimensions that are the basis for the proposed digital transformation framing, while the narratives and case experiences provide with examples of best practice.},
	keywords = {case study, change management, digital business, digital model, digital transformation, digital transformation model, digitization, human capital, Innovation management, talent management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = { http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1217},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1217},
	author = {Lucija Ivan{\v c}i{\'c} and Vesna Bosilj Vuk{\v s}i{\'c} and Mario Spremi{\'c}}
}
@article {1264,
	title = {Towards a Smart City Concept in Small Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The smart city concept brings together technology, government and different layers of society, utilizing technological enablers, such as the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). These enablers, in turn, facilitate development of various aspects of the smart city including, e.g., transportation, governance, education, safety and communications. However, the transition towards smarter cities involves not only technological development but also the changing and evolving roles of citizens, service providers and city authorities. In this transition, the key issue is creating and growing roles of collaboration, participation and coordination. Whereas mainstream research focuses on smart city transformation in big cities, aspects of this transformation in the context of small cities has been a widely neglected topic. This paper presents three cases of smart city development in small cities in Finland, each concentrating on a different aspect of smart city development. The cases reveal how a relatively small-sized city may take remarkable steps in smart city development by selecting a specific theme on which to build smart city activities. These examples also emphasize the critical role of public sector actors, showing that the public sector has a key role in creating the foundations for fruitful ecosystem-based development work.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1264},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1264},
	author = {Heikki Ruohomaa and Vesa Salminen and Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1284,
	title = {Uncovering Research Streams in the Data Economy Using Text Mining Algorithms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {62-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {62},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Data-driven business models arise in different social and industrial sectors, while new sensors and devices are breaking down the barriers for disruptive ideas and digitally transforming established solutions. This paper aims at providing insights about emerging topics in the data economy that are related to companies\&rsquo; innovation potential. The paper uses text mining supported by systematic literature review to automatize the extraction and analysis of beneficial insights for both scientists and practitioners that would not be possible by a manual literature review. By doing so, we were able to analyze 860 scientific publications resulting in an overview of the research field of data economy and innovation. Nine clusters and their key topics are identified, analyzed as well as visualized, as we uncover research streams in the paper.},
	keywords = {big data, Data Economy, Data Ecosystem, Data Market, digital economy, digital transformation, literature review, Network Graph, Text Mining.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1284},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1284},
	author = {Can Azkan and Markus Spiekermann and Henry Goecke}
}
@article {1280,
	title = {A University Business School as an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Hub},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {15},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article assesses the progress of a business school toward achieving the status of an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub with emphasis on the components related to entrepreneurial universities, entrepreneurship education, university business incubators, and university-enterprise-government-civil society collaboration. The objective of a business school serving as an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub, is to stimulate economic development, generate employment, and create innovative technology-based ventures or service businesses. These components are discussed from theoretical and practical viewpoints in order to provide greater understanding of the concepts. An insider action research assessment of the university-affiliated business school was conducted to gauge the progress made in building an embryonic entrepreneurial ecosystem centered upon a business school as a hub. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop strong collaboration among key stakeholders for achieving success in building an effective entrepreneurial ecosystem based on a quadruple helix system, consistent with the lead-in quotation to the article.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurship education, quadruple helix, triple helix, university business incubation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1280},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1280},
	author = {Haven Allahar and Ron Sookram}
}
@article {1224,
	title = {Urban Living Labs: Towards an Integrated Understanding of their Key Components},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {50-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s ongoing urbanization and escalating climate change, there is an increasing demand on cities to be innovative and inclusive to handle these emerging issues. As an answer to these challenges, and in order to generate and adopt sustainable innovations and nature-based solutions in the urban areas, the concept of urban living labs has emerged. However, to date, there is confusion concerning the concept of the urban living lab and its key components. Some interpret the urban living lab as an approach, others as a single project, and some as a specific place {\textendash} and some just do not know. In order to unravel this complexity and better understand this concept, we sought to identify the key components of an urban living lab by discussing the perspective of city representatives in the context of an urban living lab project. To achieve this goal, we reviewed previous literature on this topic and carried out two workshops with city representatives, followed by an open-ended questionnaire. In this article, we identify and discuss seven key components of an urban living lab: governance and management structure; financing models; urban context; nature-based solutions; partners and users (including citizens); approach; and ICT and infrastructure. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the urban living lab concept.},
	keywords = {definition, innovation, key components, Living lab, nature-based solutions, NBS, ULL, UNaLab, urban living lab},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1224},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1224},
	author = {Diana Chron{\'e}er and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Abdolrasoul Habibipour}
}
@article {1268,
	title = {World Heritage meets Smart City in an Urban-Educational Hackathon in Rauma},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {45-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {UNESCO World Heritage cities can become smart cities if they take into account their cultural heritage and integrate diverse actors, including universities in their innovation practices. This article addresses the hackathon as an innovation contest method in the urban and educational context. Specifically, it concentrates on hackathon design, particularly the focus of the event, as well as the outputs. Although the design plays an integral part in a hackathon, particularly in goal achievement, design has not yet been thoroughly studied in mainly descriptive hackathon research. To address the subject, this article presents a case study of a dual-focused, i.e., combined urban and educational hackathon in the City of Rauma, which has a World Heritage Old Town that aims to integrate its historical uniqueness with modern city services. As a result, the article portrays the process and outputs of a hackathon carried out with the collaboration of two higher education institutions (HEIs) and the Entrepreneur Association of Rauma. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the public sector, the article contributes to the literature on urban and educational hackathons in smart cities with a heritage context.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1268},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1268},
	author = {Anu Helena Suominen and Seija Halvari and Jari Jussila}
}
@article {1162,
	title = {Additive Manufacturing and Business Models: Current Knowledge and Missing Perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {06/2018},
	pages = {15-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Additive manufacturing, that is 3D printing technology, may change the way companies operate their businesses. This article adopts a business model perspective to create an understanding of what we know about these changes. It summarizes current knowledge on additive manufacturing within management and business research, and it discusses future research directions in relation to business models for additive manufacturing. Using the scientific database Web of Science, 116 journal articles were identified. The literature review reveals that most research concerns manufacturing optimization. A more holistic view of the changes that additive manufacturing may bring about for firms is needed, as is more research on changed value propositions, and customer/sales-related issues. The article contributes to previous research by systematically summarizing additive manufacturing research in the business and management literature, and by highlighting areas for further investigation related to the business models of individual firms.},
	keywords = {3D printing, additive manufacturing, business model, literature review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1162},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1162},
	author = {Christina {\"O}berg and Tawfiq Shams and Nader Asnafi}
}
@article {1195,
	title = {Collaboration Strategies in Innovation Ecosystems: An Empirical Study of the German Microelectronics and Photonics Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	pages = {4-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Effective collaboration between companies and research organizations is key to successful innovation systems. Against the background of digitalization, a shift from traditional innovation systems towards innovation ecosystems can be observed. In this article, we investigate how companies operating in innovation ecosystems address the challenge of collaboration in dynamic innovation ecosystems. We focus on microelectronics and photonics in Germany as examples of knowledge- and research-intensive industries and analyze the strategies of companies to collaborate with research organizations. We explore whether and to what extent companies develop different and new strategies for collaborating with research institutions within innovation ecosystems, on the basis of which we identify two ideal types of strategies. Whereas ideal type A is aiming towards obtaining specific knowledge in order to further develop a particular technology or product (i.e., towards incremental innovation), ideal type B seeks to harness the new and full potential of innovation ecosystems (i.e., aiming at rather radical innovation). Finally, our findings contribute to a better understanding of innovation ecosystems and give managerial implications for collaborating in such systems. },
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, development and innovation, innovation ecosystem, innovation ecosystem strategies, knowledge ecosystem, microelectronics, photonics, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1195},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1195},
	author = {Fabian Schroth and Johann Jakob H{\"a}u{\ss}ermann}
}
@article {1139,
	title = {Convergent Innovation in Food through Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Societal-Scale Inclusive Growth},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {49-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Inclusive innovation has not yet reached societal scale due to a well-entrenched divide between wealth creation and social equity. Taking food as the initial test bed, we have proposed the convergent innovation model to address such challenges still facing 21st century society by bridging sectors and disciplines around an integrated goal on both sides of the social-economic divide for innovations that target wealth creation with an upfront consideration of its externalities. The convergent innovation model is empowered by two key enablers that integrate an advanced digital infrastructure with leading scientific knowledge on the drivers of human behaviour in varying contexts. This article discusses the structure, methods, and development of an artificial intelligence platform to support convergent innovation. Insights are gathered on consumer sentiment and behavioural drivers through the analysis of user-generated content on social media platforms. Empirical results show that user discussions related to marketing, consequences, and occasions are positive. Further regression modelling finds that economic consequences are a strong predictor of consumer global sentiment, but are also sensitive to both the actual price and economic awareness. This finding has important implications for inclusive growth and further emphasizes the need for affordable and accessible foods, as well as for consumer education. Challenges and opportunities inspired by the research results are discussed to inform the design, marketing, and delivery of convergent innovation products and services, while also contributing to dimensions of inclusion and economic performance for equitable health and wealth.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, convergent innovation, food, social media, user-generated content},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1139},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1139},
	author = {Laurette Dub{\'e} and Pan Du and Cameron McRae and Neha Sharma and Srinivasan Jayaraman and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@article {1134,
	title = {Editorial: Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries (February 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {biotechnology, convergent innovation, food security, inclusive growth, inclusive innovation, maker spaces, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1134},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1134},
	author = {Chris McPhee and R. Sandra Schillo and Louise Earl and Jeff Kinder}
}
@article {1128,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India (January 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {01/2018},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {emerging markets, entrepreneurship, India, innovation, rural, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1128},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1128},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Punit Saurabh}
}
@article {1200,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (December 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {analysis, constructs, cultural space, definition, ENoLL, framework, innovation, ISPIM, lean startup, library, living labs, methodology, stakeholder},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1200},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1200},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1204,
	title = {A Framework for Field Testing in Living Lab Innovation Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {40-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within innovation research and, more specifically, living lab projects, a crucial component is to test an innovation in a real-life context with potential end users. Such a field test can validate assumptions by combining insights on behaviour and attitudes towards the innovation. This allows for iterative tailoring of the innovation to the needs and wants of the potential end users. Moreover, relevant insights can be gathered to stop or rescope the innovation project before big investments are made. Although studies indicate that testing innovations (or prototypes) in real-life contexts improves the innovation process, there is no specific framework on how to conduct a field test for an innovation. This is important because, in living lab field tests, users are actively involved in co-creating the solutions, which impacts the operational side of setting up living lab projects. Therefore, within this article, we propose a framework for field testing based on the degree to which it reflects reality and the stage within the living lab process. We distinguish four types of field tests: concept, mock-up, pilot, and go2market field test. Based on this framework, we propose some practical guidelines for setting up living lab field tests.},
	keywords = {context research, field test, living labs, testing, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1204},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1204},
	author = {Lynn Coorevits and Annabel Georges and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1136,
	title = {Gender-Specific Constraints on Academic Entrepreneurship and Engagement in Knowledge and Technology Transfer},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {15-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article analyzes gender-specific constraints impacting scientists{\textquoteright} engagement in knowledge and technology transfer and entrepreneurial activities at public research institutions in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To this end, we followed an exploratory case study approach and conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 40 academic entrepreneurs. The analysis revealed constraints impacting scientists{\textquoteright} active engagement in transfer and entrepreneurship on two levels. On the meta-level, we identified constraints related to: i) nationwide transfer culture and ii) funding guidelines and structures. On the operational level, we identified constraints related to: i) organizational strategies and practices; ii) organizational culture; and iii) individual attributes and attitudes. By analyzing gender differences among these constraints, the study contributes to an understanding of varying needs for gender-specific founding support programs. The study also derives several implications for managing transfer at research organizations.},
	keywords = {academic entrepreneurship, academic spin-offs, gender, qualitative study, research-based companies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1136},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1136},
	author = {Anna Sinell and Roda M{\"u}ller-Wieland and Antonia Muschner}
}
@article {1201,
	title = {Living Labs versus Lean Startups: An Empirical Investigation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {7-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although we seem to be living in an era where founding a startup has never been easier, studies point to the high mortality rates of these organizations. This {\textquotedblleft}startup hype{\textquotedblright} has also induced many practitioner-based innovation management approaches that lack empirical studies and validation. Moreover, a lot of these approaches have rather similar angles, but use different wordings. Therefore, in this article, we look into two of these {\textquotedblleft}hyped{\textquotedblright} concepts: the lean startup and living labs. We review the academic studies on these topics and explore a sample of 86 entrepreneurial projects based on project characteristics and outcomes. Our main finding is that the two approaches appear to be complementary. Living labs are powerful instruments to implement the principles of the lean startup, as the real-life testing and multi-disciplinary approach of living labs seem to generate more actionable outcomes. However, living labs also require the flexibility of a startup {\textendash} ideally a lean one {\textendash} to actually deliver this promise. Thus, rather than picking a winner in this comparison, we argue that combining the concepts{\textquoteright} different strengths can bring clear benefits.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, impact, Innovation management, lean startup, Living lab, Open innovation, testing, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1201},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1201},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Sonja M. Protic}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {Strategic Foresight of Future B2B Customer Opportunities through Machine Learning},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within the strategic foresight literature, customer foresight still shows a low capability level. In practice, especially in business-to-business (B2B) industries, analyzing an entire customer base in terms of future customer potential is often done manually. Therefore, we present a single case study based on a quantitative customer-foresight project conducted by a manufacturing company. Along with a common data mining process, we highlight the application of machine learning algorithms on an entire customer database that consists of customer and product-related data. The overall benefit of our research is threefold. The major result is a prioritization of 2,300 worldwide customers according to their predicted technical affinity and suitability for a new machine control sensor. Thus, the company gains market knowledge, which addresses management functions such as product management. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements and steps for practitioners who realize a customer-foresight project. Finally, we provide a detailed catalogue of measures suitable for sales in order to approach the identified high-potential customers according to their individual needs and behaviour. },
	keywords = {action research, B2B industries, customer base analysis, customer foresight, customer knowledge, customer profile, data mining, machine learning, strategic foresight},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1189},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1189},
	author = {Daniel Gentner and Birgit Stelzer and Bujar Ramosaj and Leo Brecht}
}
@article {1155,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Drop-Out Behaviour in Living Lab Field Tests},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {5-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The concept of a {\textquotedblleft}living lab{\textquotedblright} is a relatively new research area and phenomenon that facilitates user engagement in open innovation activities. Studies on living labs show that the users{\textquoteright} motivation to participate in a field test is higher at the beginning of the project than during the rest of the test, and that participants have a tendency to drop out before completing the assigned tasks. However, the literature still lacks theories describing the phenomenon of drop-out within the area of field tests in general and living lab field tests in particular. As the first step in constructing a theoretical discourse, the aims of this study are to present an empirically derived taxonomy for the various factors that influence drop-out behaviour; to provide a definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests; and to understand the extent to which each of the identified items influence participant drop-out behaviour. To achieve these aims, we first extracted factors influencing drop-out behaviour in the field test from our previous studies on the topic, and then we validated the extracted results across 14 semi-structured interviews with experts in living lab field tests. Our findings show that identified reasons for dropping out can be grouped into three themes: innovation-related, process-related, and participant-related. Each theme consists of three categories with a total of 44 items. In this study, we also propose a unified definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests.},
	keywords = {drop-out, field test, Living lab, taxonomy, user engagement, user motivation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1155},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1155},
	author = {Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Annabel Georges and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Dimitri Schuurman and Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn}
}
@article {1145,
	title = {To Internationalize or Not to Internationalize? A Descriptive Study of a Brazilian Startup},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {03/2018},
	pages = {38-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study examines the failed internationalization experience of a Brazilian high-tech startup. The research methodology of the study is descriptive and aims to explore whether this startup should re-internationalize, despite an unsuccessful first experience. Based on interviews with the founders, it was found that the initial internationalization took place in an incipient way, in the heat of the moment. The lack of success with the initial internationalization did not shake the directors of the startup, who aim to return to internationalization, now in a consolidated way and counting on the advice of an investor. Despite its bitter first experience, should the startup try again? Through an analysis of the lessons learned from the startup{\textquoteright}s initial failure and insights from its consideration of a possible second attempt, this study contributes to the literature on competitiveness, internationalization, and international entrepreneurship.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial, innovation, internationalization, startups, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1145},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1145},
	author = {Flavia Luciane Scherer and Italo Fernando Minello and Cristiane Kr{\"u}ger and Andr{\'e}a Bach Rizzatti}
}
@article {1142,
	title = {Value Creation in the Internet of Things: Mapping Business Models and Ecosystem Roles},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {03/2018},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The increasing connectivity provided by the Internet of Things (IoT) supports novel business opportunities for actors in overlapping service systems. Therefore, the co-creative nature of IoT business needs to be further studied. This article reports an empirical study on a European IoT initiative. It contributes to the understudied area of IoT ecosystem dynamics by describing different actor roles and activities in the IoT use cases, and their implications for value creation in IoT ecosystems. Our findings show how IoT ecosystem actors may take the roles of ideator, designer, or intermediary in different IoT design layers, and we recommend this perspective to better understand and describe ecosystem business models. We also discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings.},
	keywords = {business model, ecosystem, Internet of Things, role, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1142},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1142},
	author = {Heini Ik{\"a}valko and Petra Turkama and Anssi Smedlund}
}
@article {1157,
	title = {What Do Business Customers Value? An Empirical Study of Value Propositions in a Servitization Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {36-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study was conducted in response to calls from the research community and industry for a greater empirical exploration of value propositions. It uses customer value-in-use as a starting point and employs empirical data on value propositions in a servitization context. The findings demonstrate how customers articulate the value-in-use, or benefits, of a selected offering. These results are subsequently used to develop value proposition elements that are aligned with these benefits. The implications for the value proposition literature and for companies in a servitization situation are discussed.},
	keywords = {customer value in use, service transition, servitization, value proposition, value-in-use dimension},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1157},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1157},
	author = {Kwesi Sakyi-Gyinae and Maria Holmlund}
}
@article {1192,
	title = {When a New Platform Enters a Market, What Is the Impact on Incumbents?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {44-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital platforms enable new forms of business models with the potential to disrupt and transform many industries. However, the impact of a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry on incumbents has not been taken into account. In this article, our objective is to provide evidence of the impact that a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry could have on incumbents. We proposed several hypotheses based on a literature review and then evaluated them using a large dataset from the taxi industry in New York City. Our analysis showed several changes after a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry. In contrast to previous understanding, the results indicate that the winner-takes-it-all-effect does not generally apply to the competition between new platforms and incumbents. Regarding the date of changes following a platform{\textquoteright}s market entry, we observed a chicken-or-egg problem in the competition between a platform and incumbents. Consequently, our results indicate that incumbents have at least one year to react to the market entry and to make adjustments. },
	keywords = {impact of market entry, incumbents, multi-sided market, platform competition, platforms, two-sided market},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1192},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1192},
	author = {Andreas J. Steur}
}
@article {1075,
	title = {Accelerating Research Innovation by Adopting the Lean Startup Paradigm},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {32-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Converting scientific expertise into marketable products and services is playing an increasingly important role in the launching of new ventures, the growth of existing firms, and the creation of new jobs. In this article, we explore how the lean startup paradigm, which validates the market for a product with a business model that can sustain subsequent scaling, has led to a new process model to accelerate innovation. We then apply this paradigm to the context of research at universities and other research organizations. The article is based on the assumption that the organizational context matters, and it shows how a deeper understanding of the research context could enable an acceleration of the innovation process. We complement theoretical examples with a case example from VTT Technical Research Institute of Finland. Our findings show that many of the concepts from early-acceleration phases {\textendash} and the lean startup paradigm {\textendash} can also be relevant in innovation discussions within the research context. However, the phase of value-proposition discovery is less adequately addressed, and that of growth discovery, with its emphasis on building on a scalable, sustainable business does not seem to be addressed with the presented innovation approaches from the research context. Hence, the entrepreneurial activities at the research context differ from those in startups and internal startups in established organizations.},
	keywords = {commercialization, context, innovation, innovation acceleration, innovation paradox, lean startup, research, research organization, VTT},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1075},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1075},
	author = {Kaisa Still}
}
@article {1056,
	title = {Action Research as a Framework to Evaluate the Operations of a Living Lab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {35-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we propose an action research approach to capture and act upon the delights and frustrations of panel members who participate in living lab research in order to optimize the operations of the living lab itself. We used this approach to test the effectiveness of action research in providing guidelines to practitioners to evaluate and design effective and sustainable user involvement processes in living labs. We conducted a focused literature review and an in-depth case study of both the integration of a researcher within the community and the implementation of an action research project within an existing living lab. This living lab is regarded as both a forerunner and a best-practice example in Europe. Based on our findings, we recommend co-creating the {\textquotedblleft}operations{\textquotedblright} of a living lab with the users themselves following a combined action research and living lab approach.},
	keywords = {action research, Living lab, panel management, participatory action research, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1056},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1056},
	author = {Sara Logghe and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1109,
	title = {Anticipating the Economic Benefits of Blockchain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this general overview article intended for non-experts, I define blockchain technology and some of the key concepts, and then I elaborate four specific applications that highlight the potential economic benefits of digital ledgers. These applications are digital asset registries, blockchains as leapfrog technology for global financial inclusion, long-tail personalized economic services, and net settlement payment channels. I also highlight key challenges that offset the potential economic benefits of blockchain distributed ledgers, while arguing that the benefits would outweigh the potential risks. The overarching theme is that an increasing amount of everyday operations involving money, assets, and documents could start to be conducted via blockchain-based distributed network ledgers with cryptographic security, and at more granular levels of detail. One economic implication of widespread blockchain adoption is that the institutional structure of society could shift to one that is computationally-based and thus has a diminished need for human-operated brick-and-mortar institutions.},
	keywords = {blockchain, cryptocurrencies, cryptoeconomics, cybersecurity, digital asset registries, digital goods, distributed ledgers, economics, eWallet, lightning network, long tail markets, payment channels, programmable money, smart assets, smart contracts, streaming money},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1109},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1102},
	author = {Melanie Swan}
}
@article {1068,
	title = {Combining Exploratory Analysis and Automated Analysis for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Data Streams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Security analysts can become overwhelmed with monitoring real-time security information that is important to help them defend their network. They also tend to focus on a limited portion of the alerts, and therefore risk missing important events and links between them. At the heart of the problem is the system that analysts use to detect, explore, and respond to cyber-attacks. Developers of security analysis systems face the challenge of developing a system that can present different sources of information at multiple levels of abstraction, while also creating a system that is intuitive to use. In this article, we examine the complementary nature of exploratory analysis and automated analysis by testing the development of a system that monitors real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic for anomalies that might indicate security threats. BGP is an essential component for supporting the infrastructure of the Internet; however, it is also highly vulnerable and can be hijacked by attackers to propagate spam or launch denial-of-service attacks. Some of the attack scenarios on the BGP infrastructure can be quite elaborate, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully automate the detection of such attacks. This article makes two contributions: i) it describes a prototype platform for computing indicators and threat alerts in real time and for visualizing the context of an alert, and ii) it discusses the interaction of exploratory analysis (visualization) and automated analysis. This article is relevant to students, security researchers, and developers who are interested in the development or use of real-time security monitoring systems. They will gain insights into the complementary aspects of automated analysis and exploratory analysis through the development of a real-time streaming system.},
	keywords = {anomaly detection, cybersecurity, exploratory analysis, real-time data streams, visualization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1068},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1068},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Ibrahim Abualhaol and Mahmoud Gad and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1090,
	title = {Comparing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {47-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups are gaining increasing attention from policy makers the world over because they are seen as a means of encouraging innovations, spurring the development of new products and services, and generating employment. Technology startups tend to thrive when inserted in a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Therefore, ecosystem promotion is being given increasing policy support. However, the emergence and structure of entrepreneurial ecosystems for technology startups have hardly been traced and examined in detail. In India, Bangalore occupies a unique position in the startup world, and Hyderabad is fast emerging as one of the promising startup hubs in the country. Given this background, we set out to explore and examine the structure, evolution, and growth of ecosystems for technology startups in the context of Bangalore and Hyderabad. Both the ecosystems emerged due to the initial foundation laid in the form of government{\textendash}industry{\textendash}academia triple helix and their interactions leading to the emergence of a modern industrial cluster followed by an information technology and biotechnology cluster, which then led to R\&D cluster serving both the cities. These three clusters together, gradually and steadily, facilitated an entrepreneurial ecosystem for technology startups to emerge. The ecosystem operates within the triple helix model and has a nucleus with two outer layers: i) an inner layer of primary (indispensable) factors and ii) an outer layer of supplementary (secondary) factors. Through the analysis of the experiences of Bangalore and Hyderabad and their ecosystem evolution, its structure, and components, we derive key lessons for others within and beyond India. },
	keywords = {Bangalore, ecosystems, entrepreneurship, Hyderabad, India, startups, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1090},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1090},
	author = {M H Bala Subrahmanya}
}
@article {1105,
	title = {Convergent Innovation in Emerging Healthcare Technology Ecosystems: Addressing Complexity and Integration},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {44-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Precision Medicine and Digital Health are emerging areas in healthcare, and they are underpinned by convergent or cross-industry innovation. However, convergence results in greater uncertainty and complexity in terms of technologies, value networks, and organization. There has been limited empirical research on emerging and convergent ecosystems, especially in addressing the issue of integration. This research identifies how organizations innovate in emerging and convergent ecosystems, specifically, how they address the challenge of integration. We base our research on empirical analyses using a series of longitudinal case studies employing a combination of case interviews, field observations, and documents. Our findings identify a need to embrace the complexity by adopting a variety of approaches that balance {\textquotedblleft}credibility-seeking{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}advantage-seeking{\textquotedblright} behaviours, to navigate, negotiate, and nurture both the innovation and ecosystem, in addition to a combination of {\textquotedblleft}analysis{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}synthesis{\textquotedblright} actions to manage aspects of integration. We contribute to the convergent innovation agenda and provide practical approaches for innovators in this domain. },
	keywords = {complexity, convergent innovation, ecosystems, healthcare, integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1105},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1105},
	author = {Mark A. Phillips and Tom{\'a}s S. Harrington and Jagjit Singh Srai}
}
@article {1103,
	title = {The Core Interaction of Platforms: How Startups Connect Users and Producers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {17-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The platform economy is disrupting innovation while presenting both opportunities and challenges for startups. Platforms support value creation between multiple participant groups, and this operationalization of an ecosystem{\textquoteright}s value co-creation represents the {\textquotedblleft}core interaction{\textquotedblright} of a platform. This article focuses on that core interaction and studies how startups connect producers and users in value-creating core interaction through digital platforms. The study is based on an analysis of 29 cases of platform startups interviewed at a leading European startup event. The studied startups were envisioning even millions of users and hundreds or thousands of producers co-creating value on their platforms. In such platform businesses, our results highlight the importance of attracting a large user pool, providing novel services to those users, offering a new market for producers, supporting the core interaction in various ways, and utilizing elements of the platform canvas {\textendash} an adaptation of the business model canvas, which we have accommodated for platform-based business models {\textendash} to accomplish these goals.},
	keywords = {core interaction, digital platforms, multisided markets, platform business, platform canvas, slush event, startups, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1103},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1103},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen and Kaisa Still and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Miika Kumpulainen and Arho Suominen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1088,
	title = {The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The organization of supported and sustainable urban interventions is challenging, with multiple actors involved, fragmented decision-making powers, and multiple values at stake. Globally, urban living labs have become a fashionable phenomenon to tackle this challenge, fostering the development and implementation of innovation, experimentation, and knowledge in urban, real-life settings while emphasizing the important role of participation and co-creation. However, although urban living labs could in this way help cities to speed up the sustainable transition, urban living lab experts agree that, in order to truly succeed in these ambitious tasks, the way urban living labs are being shaped and steered needs further research. Yet, they also confirm the existing variation and opaqueness in the definition of the concept. This article contributes to conceptual clarity by developing an operationalized definition of urban living labs, which has been used to assess 90 sustainable urban innovation projects in the city of Amsterdam. The assessment shows that the majority of the projects that are labelled as living labs do not include one or more of the defining elements of a living lab. In particular, the defining co-creation and development activities were found to be absent in many of the projects. This article makes it possible to categorize alleged living lab projects and distill the {\textquotedblleft}true{\textquotedblright} living labs from the many improperly labelled or unlabelled living labs, allowing more specific analyses and, ultimately, better targeted methodological recommendations for urban living labs.},
	keywords = {characteristics, cities, definition, living labs, TIM Review, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1088},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1088},
	author = {Kris Steen and Ellen van Bueren}
}
@article {1119,
	title = {Designing a Business Model for Environmental Monitoring Services Using Fast MCDS Innovation Support Tools},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {36-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The free availability of open data provides opportunities to start new businesses and gain business intelligence. However, although data is often used to support decisions and actions, the possibilities offered by modern sensor technologies with connections to cloud-based data collection services are not being effectively capitalized. Data collection systems are also not generally open source solutions, even though open and flexibly adjustable systems would broaden the opportunities for solutions and larger revenue streams. In this article, we used action research methods to discover new business opportunities in a semi-open information system that utilizes environmental monitoring data. We applied a four-stage innovation process for industry, which included context definition, idea generation, and selection, and produced multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) data to help the design of business model. This was done to reveal business opportunities for an environmental monitoring service. Among these opportunities, one service-style business model canvas was identified as feasible and selected for further development. We identified items that are needed in the commercialization process of environmental monitoring services. Our process combines open environmental monitoring data, participative innovation process, and MCDS support, and it supports and accelerates a co-creative business model creation process that is cost-beneficial in terms of saving time. The results are applicable to the creation of an open data information system that supports data-driven innovation.},
	keywords = {business model, data collection, environmental monitoring, MCDS, open data, service innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1119},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1119},
	author = {Tuomo Eskelinen and Teemu R{\"a}s{\"a}nen and Ulla Santti and Ari Happonen and Miika Kajanus}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (February 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, business-to-business, emotions, innovation, living labs, needsfinding, operations, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1052},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1052},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1044,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (January 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {agile methods, conceptualizations, innovation labs, Innovation management, innovation tool, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1044},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1044},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1101,
	title = {Editorial: Platforms and Ecosystems (September 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {digital transformation, ecosystems, innovation, orchestrators, platform economy, platforms, stakeholders, startups, strategy, technology, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1101},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1101},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Ozgur Dedehayir and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen}
}
@article {1096,
	title = {Effects of Business Model Development Projects on Organizational Culture: A Multiple Case Study of SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {15-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous research has shown that links between organizational culture and innovativeness/performance may act as a {\textquotedblleft}social glue{\textquotedblright} that helps a company develop organizational culture as a competitive advantage. In this study of three case companies, the organizational culture change due business model development projects is studied using the Competing Values Framework (CVF) tool and interviews with respondents about discovered changes. To reveal intervention and implied effects between business model development project and organizational culture changes, we used CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and outcome) to bridge practice and theory by explanatory, backward-looking research. Our case studies of companies in relatively short-duration business model development projects indicate that organizational culture may have some dynamic characteristics, for example, an increase of the adhocracy organizational type in all case companies or an increase in the hierarchical leadership type in one case company. Thus, the development of an organizational culture type can be partly controlled. Our results also indicated business model development projects do have a minor effect on organizational culture, even when development activities have not been put fully into practice. However, the more comprehensively business model development project activities have been put into practice, the larger the effect on organizational culture.},
	keywords = {business model, business model canvas, competing values framework, development project, organizational culture, service design, SME},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1096},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1096},
	author = {Ulla Santti and Tuomo Eskelinen and Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman and Ari Happonen}
}
@article {1063,
	title = {Hybrid Entrepreneurship: How and Why Entrepreneurs Combine Employment with Self-Employment},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {33-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Changes in the labour market and growth in the diversity of non-standard working arrangements have heightened the interest of policy makers and entrepreneurship researchers in {\textquotedblleft}hybrid entrepreneurship{\textquotedblright}, which is a combination of employment and entrepreneurship. This form of entrepreneurship is particularly popular among highly educated professionals in the high-technology and R\&D sectors. With the goal of improving our understanding and defining a research agenda for this phenomenon, I examined the relevant literature to clarify definitions and I undertook a research study to examine first-hand, through a longitudinal case study, the experiences of two hybrid entrepreneurs, one who intended to become a full-time entrepreneur and one who wish to be hybrid entrepreneur. The key result of the study emphasizes that hybrid entrepreneurs should not be considered as a homogeneous group: some hybrid entrepreneurs may always stay at their waged jobs and others may tend to become full-time entrepreneurs. The results have implications for policy makers wishing to encourage hybrid entrepreneurship and for researchers wishing to undertake further research into this phenomenon. },
	keywords = {definitions, hybrid entrepreneurs, hybrid entrepreneurship, risk taking, self-employment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1063},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1063},
	author = {Marina Z. Solesvik}
}
@article {1081,
	title = {Improving Internal Communication Management in SMEs: Two Case Studies in Service Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {16-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Effective information management is a success factor for business growth, but small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in transferring knowledge and information from one organizational unit to another. In this study of two case companies, participative business model development processes were designed to identify challenges and solutions in internal communication management. A service design approach based on CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and output) showed that the participative business model technique and process can identify problems and challenges in internal communication management, as well as in the prioritization of actions. The process is a creative service design process including both divergent and convergent phases. The process increased motivation among personnel to find solutions, encouraged communication, and created joint understanding on how to solve problems. The technique helped to bring tacit information into use. },
	keywords = {business model, internal communication management, participative process, service design, stakeholder involvement, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1081},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1081},
	author = {Tuomo Eskelinen and Mervi Rajahonka and Kaija Villman and Ulla Santti}
}
@article {1089,
	title = {Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries: The Who, What, Why, and How},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {34-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although widely appreciated as an important driver of economic growth, innovation has also been established as a contributor to increasing economic and social inequalities. Such negative consequences are particularly obvious in the context of developing countries and extreme poverty, where innovation{\textquoteright}s contributions to inequalities are considered an issue of social and economic exclusion. In response, the concept of inclusive innovation has been developed to provide frameworks and action guidelines to measure and reduce the inequality-increasing effects of innovation. In developing countries, attention has only recently turned to the role of innovation in increasing inequalities, for example in the context of the degradation of employment in the transition from production to service industries. Although the focus of this early work is primarily on economic growth, innovation in developed countries also contributes to social exclusion, both of groups traditionally subject to social exclusion and new groups marginalized through arising innovations. This article summarizes the origins of the concept of inclusive innovation and proposes a four-dimensional framework for inclusive innovation in developed countries. Specifically, innovation needs to be inclusive in terms of people, activities, outcomes, and governance: i) individuals and groups participating in the innovation process at all levels; ii) the types of innovation activities considered; iii) the consideration of all positive and negative outcomes of innovation (including economic, social, and environmental); and iv) the governance of innovation systems. This framework is intended to guide policy development for inclusive innovation, as well as to encourage academics to investigate all dimensions of inclusive innovation in developed countries.},
	keywords = {developed countries, framework, inclusive innovation, inequality, social exclusion},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1089},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1089},
	author = {R. Sandra Schillo and Ryan M. Robinson}
}
@article {1125,
	title = {Innovation by Collaboration between Startups and SMEs in Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open innovation is key to the success of many companies. It is based on the intelligent use of all possible resources, including collaborations with parties outside the firm. Although it is well known that large companies foster and use startups as experiments in their innovation process, little is known about similar activities with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this article is to report the results of research done in Switzerland on startups and SMEs. It reveals that most startups know that they must co-operate with other companies from the very beginning of their existence, and that both sides have difficulties in performing a systematic search for possible partners. Hence, to encourage the collaborative development of innovative solutions, we propose building bridges between startups and SMEs, making the identification of possible users of new technologies (SMEs) more accessible to startups, as well as making startups more identifiable by SMEs.},
	keywords = {collaboration co-operation, innovation, matchmaking, SMEs, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1125},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1125},
	author = {Fabio Mercandetti and Christine Larbig and Vincenzo Tuozzo and Thomas Steiner}
}
@article {1045,
	title = {Innovation in the Public Sector: Exploring the Characteristics and Potential of Living Labs and Innovation Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {7-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs and innovation labs share many common traits and characteristics. Both concepts are linked to the public sector, and both concepts can be regarded as coping mechanisms to deal with contemporary changes in the innovation landscape and within society as a whole. Both build on past initiatives and practices, but are also struggling to find their own clear identity and {\textquotedblleft}raison d{\textquoteright}{\^e}tre{\textquotedblright}. Because both concepts are largely practice-driven, their theoretical underpinnings and foundations are mostly established after the fact: making sense of current practice rather than carefully researching and planning the further development. However, despite their similarities and common ground, most researchers treat living labs and innovation labs as separate literature streams. Here, starting from a review of the current issues and challenges with innovation in the public sector, we look for links between both concepts by analyzing the current definitions, the predecessors, and the {\textquotedblleft}state of the art{\textquotedblright} in terms of empirical research. Based on these findings, we summarize a set of similarities and differences between both concepts and propose a model towards more collaboration, mutual exchange, and integration of practices between innovation labs, which can be regarded as initiators of innovation, and living labs, which can be regarded as executors of innovation. Thus, we add to the conceptual development of both concepts and propose a roadmap for the further integration of both the theory and practice of living labs and innovation labs.},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, innovation labs, living labs, Open innovation, public sector, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1045},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1045},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Piret T{\~o}nurist}
}
@article {1053,
	title = {Methods for Supporting Older Users in Communicating Their Emotions at Different Phases of a Living Lab Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {7-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on living lab methods that support the elicitation of emotions {\textendash} a key success factor in whether a design solution will be accepted and taken up over the long term. We demonstrate the use of emotional goal models to help understand what is relevant for a target user group in the early phases of design. We promote animations and storyboards to envision the context of use and to gain an understanding of how design ideas can integrate into people{\textquoteright}s lives. For the evaluation of ideas and to further understand user needs, we show how technology probes facilitate natural interactions with a suggested solution concept. All methods have in common that they enable older adults without design or development experience to participate in the design process and work towards a meaningful solution by helping to communicate feelings and goals that are often hard to define. Lastly, we present a process model that demonstrates our emotion-led design toolkit at various phases of a living lab process. },
	keywords = {aging well, co-design methods, emotion-led design, expressing emotions, Living lab, personal alarm systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1053},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1053},
	author = {Sonja Pedell and Alen Keirnan and Gareth Priday and Tim Miller and Antonette Mendoza and Antonio Lopez-Lorca and Leon Sterling}
}
@article {1057,
	title = {Needsfinding in Living Labs: A Structured Research Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {42-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs enable innovations to be facilitated and implemented quickly and efficiently. A key element of the living lab approach is the active involvement of users. In this article, we examine a structured needsfinding phase of a living lab infrastructure project within the context of bicycle commuting. Given that effectuation costs are high, it is essential for the lab to focus on tackling the right user needs. Thus, the living lab{\textquoteright}s needsfinding phase aims to identify user needs and wants, as measured by bicycle commuting intention. We examined intention in a structured way by following the theory of planned behaviour. The results show that bicycle commuting intention can be explained by the variables of our model (R square=0.808). The specific insights arising from the needsfinding phase are an important focus for the activities and experiments in the later phases of the living lab. The generalized insights are also relevant to innovation experts outside the area of cycling.},
	keywords = {commuting, cycling, intention, Living lab, needsfinding, theory of planned behaviour},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1057},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1057},
	author = {Louise Savelkoul and Murk Peutz}
}
@article {1061,
	title = {Orchestrating Innovation Ecosystems: A Qualitative Analysis of Ecosystem Positioning Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {12-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how firms can orchestrate innovation ecosystems to enhance collaboration for innovation among different actors. Most previous research on ecosystems has focused on firm-level strategies to operate in an ecosystem rather than the composition or orchestration of an ecosystem as a whole. However, finding the balance between the self-interests of involved actors is critical in order to create collaborative settings that induce different parties to jointly develop and put their best efforts into a joint endeavour. Thus, we undertook a qualitative study with 35 case companies from the metal and engineering industries, each of whom was interested in developing their position in ecosystems and improving their relational business practices. The findings suggest that there is an essential ecosystem competence that is needed by all actors in an ecosystem, regardless of their position, and that is the ability to manage dynamic strategic interactions related to innovation. This competence enables them to ensure the future vitality of the ecosystem and their own business. These results highlight the need for managers to profile their own company{\textquoteright}s role in an ecosystem in relation to the type of ecosystems, while simultaneously evaluating the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s ability and potential to survive.},
	keywords = {actors, collaboration, ecosystems, innovation, orchestration, positioning, roles, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1061},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1061},
	author = {Katri Valkokari and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Maria M{\"a}ntyl{\"a} and Simo Jylh{\"a}-Ollila}
}
@article {1054,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Experimentation in Business-to-Business Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business-to-business (B2B) living lab projects have been mentioned in different areas of academic research, but the innovation management literature requires deeper analysis of their potential opportunities and challenges. Real-life experimentation is a key requirement for living labs as it enables deeper insights in the potential success of innovations. However, the literature has not provided insights on how living lab projects can implement real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects and does not describe appropriate conditions for experimentation in these settings. In this study, we identified three main barriers preventing real-life experimentation in B2B living lab projects: the technological complexity, the need for integration, and the difficulty in identifying testers. The barriers are discussed in detailed and potential solutions are provided to help overcome these barriers and stimulate the adoption of real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects.},
	keywords = {B2B, experimentation, living labs, testing, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1054},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1054},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Lynn Coorevits and Dimitri Schuurman and Olivier Rits and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1123,
	title = {Promoting Entrepreneurial Commitment: The Benefits of Interdisciplinarity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article is the first to examine the relationship between interdisciplinarity and entrepreneurial commitment in academic spin-offs. Building on literature on interdisciplinarity, academic entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial intention, we analyzed the development of nine interdisciplinary spin-off teams comprising expertise from science, industry, and design. Our findings suggest that interdisciplinary teams engage with their ideas, maintain productive interaction, and successfully implement these ideas. Subjects in this study thoroughly developed their project proposals and implementation strategies by examining them from multiple angles. They believed not only in the value of these projects, but in their own ability to see them through. They found one another{\textquoteright}s contributions highly inspirational and experienced a strong sense of responsibility and motivation. Communication within the teams was well managed, and tasks were clearly defined and distributed. Based on our findings, we put forward a number of propositions about the positive effects of interdisciplinarity on entrepreneurial commitment and conclude with implications for future research and practice.},
	keywords = {academic spin-offs, entrepreneurial commitment, interdisciplinarity, team composition, teamwork, technology transfer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1123},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1123},
	author = {Franziska Brodack and Anna Sinell}
}
@article {1087,
	title = {Reflecting on 10 Years of the TIM Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {5-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In July 2007, the first issue of this journal was published under the banner of the Open Source Business Resource. Re-launched with a broader scope in 2011 as the Technology Innovation Management Review, the journal now celebrates its 10th anniversary. In this article, we review the 10-year history of the journal to examine what themes have been covered, who has contributed, and how much the articles have been read and cited. During those 10 years, the journal has published 120 monthly issues, including more than 800 publications by more than 800 international authors from industry, academia, the public sector, and beyond. As discovered with topic modelling, the journal has covered seven themes: open source business, technology entrepreneurship, growing a business, research approaches, social innovation, living labs, and cybersecurity. Overall, the website has attracted over 1 million readers from around the world {\textendash} 31\% from Asia, 30\% from the Americas, 26\% from Europe, 8\% from Africa, and 5\% from Oceania {\textendash} with over 25,000 readers now accessing the site each month. },
	keywords = {business, entrepreneurship, innovation, journal, management, open source, OSBR, research, scientometric analyses, technology, TIM Review, topic, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1087},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1087},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Teemu Santonen and Ahmed Shah and Ali Nazari}
}
@article {1055,
	title = {Reflecting on Actions in Living Lab Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {27-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs deploy contemporary open and user-centred engagement processes in real-world contexts where all relevant stakeholders are involved and engaged with the endeavour to create and experiment with different innovations. The approach is evidently successful and builds on the perspective that people have a democratic right to have influence over changes that might affect them, such as those brought about by an innovation. In this article, we will reflect on and discuss a case in which end users took part in the development of a method that stimulates learning and adoption of digital innovations in their own homes while testing and interacting with it. The results show that, when end users were stimulated to use the implemented innovation through different explicit assignments, they both increased their understanding of the situation as well as changed their behaviour. Living lab processes are complex and dynamic, and we find that it is essential that a living lab have the capability to adjust its roles and actions. We argue that being reflective is beneficial for innovation process managers in living labs because it allows them to adjust processes in response to dynamic circumstances. },
	keywords = {action research, Apollon, context, digital innovations, end users, innovation process, Living lab, research process},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1055},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1055},
	author = {Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Marita Holst}
}
@article {1095,
	title = {A Structured Approach to Academic Technology Transfer: Lessons Learned from imec{\textquoteright}s 101 Programme},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe imec{\textquoteright}s 101 Programme for academic technology transfer and explain how it supports researchers by following a structured process in a limited amount of time and by carefully involving different stakeholders and people with relevant skills and expertise. The programme combines insights in terms of processes and of team composition from the entrepreneurship literature and puts them into practice in an internal incubation programme that is generated from the bottom-up. Based on hands-on experiences and interviews with key stakeholders in the process, we evaluate the programme and distill lessons learned. The article highlights the importance of a structured technology transfer process in the early stages of opportunity discovery and entrepreneurial action, and it offers insights on team formation for academic spin-offs.},
	keywords = {academic spin-off, entrepreneurial action, entrepreneurship, incubation, research valorization, technology transfer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1095},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1095},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Stan De Vocht and Sven De Cleyn and Aron-Levi Herregodts}
}
@article {1084,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Building Trust in an IoT-Enabled World},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {50-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, Internet of Things, IOT, ransomware, trust, WannaCry, wireless},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1084},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1084},
	author = {Jeremy Watson and John Marshall and Mike Young and Peter Smetny and David Mann}
}
@article {993,
	title = {All Australian Regions Are Not Born Equal: Understanding the Regional Innovation Management Sandpit},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {11-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we highlight and challenge an overly simplistic assessment of regions and regional innovation systems in Australia. Treating each region and place as equal and prescribing blanket policy is anathema to the reality. Having argued that places are not equivalent, we then move on to highlight that commonalities at a deeper institutional level are possible. We draw on fieldwork and ongoing action research from the Australian regions of Hunter and Central Coast (New South Wales) and Northern Tasmania. Results of the theory and case work have been instrumental in the development of 11 structural attributes of a regional innovation management (RIM) sandpit framework. The framework provides attributes but also important process insights related to regional programs, enterprise development, and project innovations. Although developing from the Australian context, we expect that the RIM Sandpit and its place-based insights can be generalized to other regions around the world.},
	keywords = {action research, constructed advantage, phronesis, pivot, quadruple helix, regional innovation management sandpit, RIS3, smart specialization, strategic management, triple helix},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/993},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/993},
	author = {Anton Kriz and Courtney Molloy and Alexandra Kriz and Sabrina Sonntag}
}
@article {1001,
	title = {Assessing Cooperation between Industry and Research Infrastructure in Hungary},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In developed countries, a large share of R\&D work is performed in universities, but the real significance of their contribution is larger, because they conduct most of the fundamental research. In this article, we examine one aspect of the academic sector that is visible to most outsiders, a field that requires usually the most resources as well: the research infrastructure. Hungary is currently in the process of forming its own National Infrastructure Roadmap. We present the results of a nation-wide survey carried out in 2014 by the National Innovation Office in support of the National Infrastructure Roadmap. The results represent a good starting point for developing measures and setting up goals for scientific fields. With the identification of research infrastructure usage by industry, this method might provide a best practice for other countries to undertake similar evaluations for their respective infrastructures. },
	keywords = {assessment, Hungary, national infrastructure, research infrastructure, survey, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1001},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1001},
	author = {Csaba De{\'a}k and Istv{\'a}n Szab{\'o}}
}
@article {1025,
	title = {Boundary Objects as Part of Knowledge Integration for Networked Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {25-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Networked innovation in co-creation networks is not possible without collaborative practices. Especially in complex projects, contextual knowledge is often spread among different stakeholders. To harness this dispersed knowledge for networked innovation, working knowledge management and collaborative practices are needed. This article addresses this need for better understanding and approaches to facilitate knowledge integration for networked innovation. We consider knowledge integration as the ability to put knowledge into action, and networked innovation as the co-created goal-driven output of selected partners. Our study focuses on describing and reporting a cross-learning type of expert knowledge-integration process with boundary objects, concrete or abstract {\textquotedblleft}bridges{\textquotedblright} for overcoming possible knowledge boundaries, in a co-creation network. This article adds knowledge on networked innovation through knowledge integration with boundary objects. The reported process will help managers to systematically approach problems requiring expert knowledge that does not exist within their own organization and to better integrate knowledge required for innovation within their project networks.},
	keywords = {boundary object, co-creation network, cross-learning, knowledge integration, networked innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1025},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1025},
	author = {Sari M{\"a}enp{\"a}{\"a} and Anu Helena Suominen and Rainer Breite}
}
@article {1026,
	title = {The Concept of the Entrepreneurial University Applied to Universities of Technology in Austria: Already Reality or a Vision of the Future?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {37-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The concept of the "entrepreneurial university" is now recognized as a major driver for self-development and innovation and as an appropriate response to succeeding in highly turbulent and unpredictable markets. This article outlines and evaluates the current implementation of this concept at the universities of technology (TU) in Austria. First, to evaluate the status quo, a review of existing programs and initiatives was undertaken at the three universities comprising the "TU Austria": TU Graz, TU Wien (Vienna), and MU Leoben. Second, a questionnaire was designed on the basis of the HEInnovate framework and sent to representatives of the three universities and resulted in responses from TU Graz and TU Wien. The results underscore that the model of the entrepreneurial university represents the next step of development in higher education. Moreover, it demonstrates that there is still room for improvement at the TU Austria, especially in terms of fostering an entrepreneurial spirit among students.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurship, HEInnovate framework, triple helix, TU Austria, TU Graz, TU Wien},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1026},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1026},
	author = {Martin Sperrer and Christiana M{\"u}ller and Julia Soos}
}
@article {1007,
	title = {Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Review and Future Research Agenda},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {5-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The overarching theme of corporate entrepreneurship literature is to understand why some firms are able to generate higher levels of corporate entrepreneurship than others. While the extant literature has greatly advanced our understanding of entrepreneurial activities by established firms, less effort has been made to systematically review the literature to help us identify missing links and knowledge in prior studies. To address this gap, this article critically reviews previous important studies on corporate entrepreneurship and then develops a framework integrating previous research. Finally, the article suggests five potentially worthwhile avenues for future research.},
	keywords = {corporate entrepreneurship, established firms, innovation, strategic renewal, venturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1007},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1007},
	author = {Kamal Sakhdari}
}
@article {973,
	title = {Crowdfunding: Finding the Optimal Platform for Funders and Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As a steadily expanding source of venture capital, crowdfunding has become an alternative to traditional funding sources, such as banks and financial investors. The phenomenon of crowdfunding is represented by a growing number of Internet sites, here called crowdfunding platforms, devoted to the service. In this article, we investigate crowdfunding and their payout models, which are standard components on crowdfunding platforms. We consider the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and funders to determine the most attractive combination of models found on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings indicate that the most popular crowdfunding platforms, at the time of this study, reflect the preferences of entrepreneurs. The funders{\textquoteright} favoured crowdfunding model, which we call the equity model, is not currently found, in combination with the often-grouped, non-financial crowdfunding models of pre-order, sponsoring, or reward, on any of the top platforms. Thus, the research identifies a new market for crowdfunding platforms.},
	keywords = {crowdfunding, crowdfunding models, crowdfunding platforms, financing, payout models},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/973},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/973},
	author = {David Gedda and Billy Nilsson and Zebastian S{\r a}th{\'e}n and Klaus Solberg S{\o}ilen}
}
@article {1039,
	title = {The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations {\textendash} not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations{\textquoteright} goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business network, campus development, co-creation, co-design, collective action, Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach, participatory planning, smart cities, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1039},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1039},
	author = {Karlos Artto and Riikka Kyr{\"o} and Tuomas Ahola and Antti Peltokorpi and Kristiina Sandqvist}
}
@article {955,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (January 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {closed innovation, field trials, impact assessment, living labs, Open innovation, user engagement, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/955},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/955},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1023,
	title = {Entrepreneurial Growth Ambitions: The Case of Finnish Technology Startups},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups are expected to be a major driving force of economic growth in Europe. The search for new high-growth startups has been particularly topical in Finland, the country that is known for its high-tech products {\textendash} and the fall of Nokia{\textquoteright}s mobile phone business. Although a record number of startups has been established in recent years, the previously identified challenge is that only a small percentage of entrepreneurial businesses are responsible for the lion{\textquoteright}s share of economic benefits typically associated with entrepreneurial activity. Hence, we need better understanding of what level of growth technology entrepreneurs aim to create and why there may be differences in growth ambitions among them. In this study, we undertook interpretivist case study research in pursuit of rich, empirically grounded understanding of entrepreneurial growth ambitions in the context of Finnish technology startups. We interviewed entrepreneurs at a Finnish startup event and supplemented this information with data available publicly on the Internet related to the growth ambitions of startups. Our study sought to increase understanding of the different aspects of entrepreneurial growth ambitions, and to explore the relationship between context and growth. Based on the findings, we suggest that growth ambitions should be seen as a complex, socially constructed concept. The growth ambitions of entrepreneurs in our study were influenced, at least in part, by their startups{\textquoteright} institutional and market contexts, the scalability of their business models, their personal characteristics and experience, and their perceptions of the barriers and constraints of the field. We conclude that startups have very different growth pathways: although the growth of one startup may depend on the talent of a few software developers, the growth of another startup may be based on its success in building international sales networks. As a result, to get most out of the support provided for a startup ecosystem, support activities should be tailored to different types of high-growth startups. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurial innovation, growth ambitions, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1023},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1023},
	author = {Arto Wallin and Kaisa Still and Katja Henttonen}
}
@article {959,
	title = {Factors Affecting the Attrition of Test Users During Living Lab Field Trials},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Next to active user involvement and a multi-method approach, a third major principle within living lab research consists of capturing the real-life context in which an innovation is used by end users. Field trials are a method to study the interaction of test users with an innovation in the context of use. However, when conducting field trials, there are several reasons why users stop participating in research activities, a phenomenon labelled as attrition. In this article, we elaborate on drop-outs during field trials by analyzing three post-trial surveys of living lab field trials. Our results show that several factors related to the innovation, as well as related to the field trial setup, play a role in attrition, including the lack of added value of the innovation and the extent to which the innovation satisfies the needs and time restrictions of test users. Based on our findings, we provide practical guidelines for managers to reduce attrition during field trials.},
	keywords = {attrition, drop-out, field trial, Living lab, Open innovation, user engagement, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/959},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/959},
	author = {Annabel Georges and Dimitri Schuurman and Koen Vervoort}
}
@article {972,
	title = {Governing Quintuple Helix Innovation: Urban Living Labs and Socio-Ecological Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {22-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Growing urbanization puts pressure on both social and ecological systems. This pressure raises complex and multi-facetted challenges that can only be tackled by collaborative and distributed innovation development processes. However, theoretical frameworks that assess such collaborations are often very conceptual, with little focus on the actual governance mechanisms that facilitate them. This article studies the urban living lab concept as an inter-organizational design and multi-stakeholder innovation development process to govern the quintuple helix model for innovation by means of an action research based multidimensional case study design, which focuses on the concepts of innovation democracy, mode 3 knowledge production, the innovation ecosystem as a system of societal subsystems, and socio-ecological transition. In this way, we provide a more profound understanding of such innovation processes to tackle socio-ecological challenges by means of public{\textendash}private interactions driven by eco-entrepreneurship. },
	keywords = {distributed innovation, quintuple helix innovation, social ecology, socio-ecological entrepreneurship, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/972},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/972},
	author = {Bastiaan Baccarne and Sara Logghe and Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {956,
	title = {The Impact of Living Lab Methodology on Open Innovation Contributions and Outcomes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {7-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open innovation scholars as well as practitioners are still struggling with the practical implementation of open innovation principles in different contexts. In this article, we explore the value of a living lab approach for open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using a case study approach, we compared 27 SME projects conducted by iMinds Living Labs from 2011 to 2015. The results suggest that a real-life intervention and a multi-method approach {\textendash} both of which are methodological characteristics of living lab projects {\textendash} increase the chance of generating actionable user contributions for the innovation under development. Moreover, the results also suggest that a living lab project yields maximal value when evolving from concept towards prototype. Besides these exploratory findings, this article also demonstrates that living lab projects are a perfect "playground" to test and validate assumptions from the open innovation literature.},
	keywords = {collaboration, distributed innovation, entrepreneur, Innovation management, living labs, Open innovation, SME, startup, user innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/956},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/956},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1016,
	title = {Implementing Knowledge Translation Strategies in Funded Research in Canada and Australia: A Case Study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {16-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is an emerging literature describing the use of knowledge translation strategies to increase the relevance and usability of research, yet there are few real-world examples of how this works in practice. This case study reports on the steps taken to embed knowledge translation strategies in the Movember Foundation{\textquoteright}s Men{\textquoteright}s Mental Health Grant Rounds in 2013{\textendash}14, which were implemented in Australia and Canada, and on the support provided to the applicants in developing their knowledge translation plans. It identifies the challenges faced by the Men{\textquoteright}s Mental Health Program Team and how these were resolved. The strategies explored include articulating knowledge translation requirements, ensuring a common understanding of knowledge translation, assessing knowledge translation plans, methods of engaging end users, and building capacity with applicants. An iterative approach to facilitating knowledge translation planning within project development was rolled out in Australia just prior to Canada so that lessons learned were immediately available to refine the second roll out. Implementation included the use of external knowledge translation expertise, the development of knowledge translation plans, and the need for internal infrastructure to support monitoring and reporting. Differences in the Australian and Canadian contexts may point to differential exposure to the concepts and practices of knowledge translation. This case study details an example of designing and implementing an integrated knowledge translation strategy that moves beyond traditional dissemination models. Lessons learned point to the importance of a long lead-up time, the use of knowledge translation expertise for capacity building, the need for flexible implementation, and the need for efficiencies in supporting applicants.},
	keywords = {funded research, implementation, knowledge mobilization, knowledge translation, organizational learning},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1016},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1016},
	author = {Gabriel Moore and Therese Fitzpatrick and Ivy Lim-Carter and Abby Haynes and Anna Flego and Barbara Snelgrove}
}
@article {979,
	title = {Insights from Stimulating Creative Behaviours in a Project-Based Organization Team},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {26-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Novel and useful ideas and creative behaviours originate in varied work environments, yet the characteristics of work environments that stimulate and foster such creative behaviours are not well defined. The aim of this study was to identify the influences that contribute to creative behaviours in the work environment of a global project-based professional service organization. This article is based on an investigation of the work environment of one project team undertaking interdisciplinary work in the construction of a processing plant in a remote location. This multi-disciplinary team encouraged creative behaviours through regular team meetings, ensuring the presentation of diverse views and commitments to regular interaction and collaboration in co-located environments. In addition, a technology manager dedicated to identifying potential opportunities for patenting and commercialization further extended the creative behaviours of the team by focusing on the best solution for each situation. The study contributes new knowledge to research regarding work environments that facilitate creative behaviours.},
	keywords = {creative behaviours, problem solving, teams, work environments},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/979},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/979},
	author = {Tracy Stanley and Judy Matthews and Paul Davidson}
}
@article {964,
	title = {Intrusion Learning: An Overview of an Emergent Discipline},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {15-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to provide a definition of intrusion learning, identify its distinctive aspects, and provide recommendations for advancing intrusion learning as a practice domain. The authors define intrusion learning as the collection of online network algorithms that learn from and monitor streaming network data resulting in effective intrusion-detection methods for enabling the security and resiliency of enterprise systems. The network algorithms build on advances in cyber-defensive and cyber-offensive capabilities. Intrusion learning is an emerging domain that draws from machine learning, intrusion detection, and streaming network data. Intrusion learning offers to significantly enhance enterprise security and resiliency through augmented perimeter defense and may mitigate increasing threats facing enterprise perimeter protection. The article will be of interest to researchers, sponsors, and entrepreneurs interested in enhancing enterprise security and resiliency.},
	keywords = {adversarial learning, clustering, cybersecurity, enterprise, intrusion detection, intrusion learning, learning algorithms, machine learning, real-time analysis, resiliency, security, streaming network data},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/964},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/964},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Mahmoud Gad and Ahmed Shah}
}
@article {966,
	title = {License Compliance in Open Source Cybersecurity Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Developers of cybersecurity software often include and rely upon open source software packages in their commercial software products. Before open source code is absorbed into a proprietary product, developers must check the package license to see if the project is permissively licensed, thereby allowing for commercial-friendly inheritance and redistribution. However, there is a risk that the open source package license could be inaccurate due to being silently contaminated with restrictively licensed open source code that may prohibit the sale or confidentiality of commercial derivative work. Contamination of commercial products could lead to expensive remediation costs, damage to the company{\textquoteright}s reputation, and costly legal fees. In this article, we report on our preliminary analysis of more than 200 open source cybersecurity projects to identify the most frequently used license types and languages and to look for evidence of permissively licensed open source projects that are likely contaminated by restrictive licensed material (i.e., containing commercial-unfriendly code). Our analysis identified restrictive license contamination cases occurring in permissively licensed open source projects. Furthermore, we found a high proportion of code that lacked copyright attribution. We expect that the results of this study will: i) provide managers and developers with an understanding of how contamination can occur, ii) provide open source communities with an understanding on how they can better protect their intellectual property by including licenses and copyright information in their code, and ii) provide entrepreneurs with an understanding of the open source cybersecurity domain in terms of licensing and contamination and how they affect decisions about cybersecurity software architectures.},
	keywords = {contamination, copyright, cybersecurity, GPL, license, open source, third-party code},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/966},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/966},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Selman Selman and Ibrahim Abualhaol}
}
@article {1033,
	title = {A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.},
	keywords = {business models, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, regional innovation system, shared value, tourism, tourism cluster},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1033},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1033},
	author = {Vincent Gr{\`e}zes and B{\'e}atrice Girod Lehmann and Marc Schnyder and Antoine Perruchoud}
}
@article {967,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Insights from Success and Failure in Technology Businesses},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {36-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Blackberry, book launch, innovation, insights, lessons, management, Nortel, Research in Motion, technology, technology innovation management review, TIM Review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/967},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/967},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Peter Carbone and Sean Silcoff}
}
@article {970,
	title = {Underground Innovation: How to Encourage Bootlegging Employees to Disclose Their Good Ideas},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Employees are increasingly considered as the origin of many corporate entrepreneurial ideas. Research on {\textquotedblleft}bootlegging{\textquotedblright} posits that individuals often resort to hidden activities to elaborate their initial ideas and bring them to fruition. The origins and causes of bootlegging behaviour are well argued in the literature. Yet, less is known about what drives bootleggers to uncover their hidden ideas. This research uses field data from in-depth interviews with innovators in R\&D departments in different industries of Iran to identify factors stimulating bootleggers to reveal their underground ideas. We identified five groups of factors at individual, managerial, firm, industrial, and idea levels, explaining the revealing stage of bootlegging behaviour. The findings provide a better understanding of the later phases of bootlegging behaviour and the possible role of context-specific factors such as cultural and religious beliefs.},
	keywords = {bootlegging, corporate entrepreneurship, hidden ideas, innovation, qualitative research method, R\&D departments},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/970},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/970},
	author = {Kamal Sakhdari and Erfan Jalali Bidakhavidi}
}
@article {1002,
	title = {Value Network Design for Innovations: Developing Alternative Value Network Drafts},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Information technology increasingly permeates established products and services, thereby making them "smart". For companies, this trend necessitates new know-how in unknown fields. Hence, traditional manufacturing companies are increasingly forced to cooperate with new players within new value networks. In contradiction to value chains, value networks oftentimes exhibit no clear hierarchies and are characterized by rather weak ties between the participating players. For a company that wants to create smart products or services, the key challenge is arranging the value network such that the customer obtains a unique value while all participants profit from their engagement. In doing so, companies have to find new partners (companies, research institutes, etc.). In this article, we present a methodology to design value networks for innovations, including approaches to identify necessary competences, find suitable partners, and bundle them to powerful alternative value networks.},
	keywords = {innovations, inter-company collaboration, Internet of Things, value networks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1002},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1002},
	author = {Martin Kage and Marvin Drewel and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier and Marcel Schneider}
}
@article {978,
	title = {Why National Culture Should Be at the Heart of Innovation Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {18-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over a period of decades, a substantial body of knowledge has accumulated that correlates national culture and socially and economically important behaviour, including innovation practice. National culture is an interconnected web of mental models that is shared by national groups and transcends the individual. It is highly influential in moderating the cognition and behaviour of groups and individuals. Different resources, including cognition and behaviour, are required at the different stages of the innovation process, and the context, including national culture (within which innovation is practiced), is an important consideration in designing strategy. Because innovation is a psychological and social process, understanding how national culture moderates that cognition and behaviour within the different stages of the innovation process and how the wider innovation ecosystem impacts innovation practice is central to understanding, strategizing and managing the innovation process. However, there has been limited application of this knowledge by practitioners. Therefore, this article examines the importance of national culture from a practitioner perspective, distilling the managerial implications and providing a list of questions that serve as a checklist to enable practitioners to analyze the implications of their own national and organizational context. },
	keywords = {creativity, implementation, initiation, innovation, national culture},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/978},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/978},
	author = {Tony Smale}
}
@article {872,
	title = {Agile New Service Development in an Interdisciplinary Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {33-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article it shows the role of services in a highly interdisciplinary context: promoting cooperation between organizations in the life sciences industry and in the engineering and automation industry. It provides insights on how required offerings of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) are developed systematically based on a simple service engineering process model. In addition to the content-related view of new service development, findings from a meta-view are presented. Cooperating researchers and practitioners in the new-service development process observed their own collaboration and how the applied service engineering model had to be modified dynamically to the requirements of the use case. The results show that an easy-to-use service engineering model in a highly interdisciplinary context has benefits, but success is dependent on the joint efforts of an accordingly interdisciplinary team of engineers and natural scientists; a close communication with the customers both from the life sciences industry and the engineering and automation industry; and a more agile approach. },
	keywords = {agile, engineering and automation, interdisciplinarity, KIBS, knowledge-intensive business services, life sciences, new service development, service engineering},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/872},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/872},
	author = {Sabrina Cocca and Ann-Mareen Franke and Simone Schell}
}
@article {862,
	title = {Botnet Takedown Initiatives: A Taxonomy and Performance Model},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {15-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Botnets have become one of the fastest-growing threats to the computer systems, assets, data, and capabilities relied upon by individuals and organizations worldwide. Botnet takedown initiatives are complex and as varied as the botnets themselves. However, there is no comprehensive database of botnet takedowns available to researchers and practitioners, nor is there a theoretical model to help predict the success or failure of future takedown initiatives. This article reports on the author{\textquoteright}s ongoing research that is contributing to both of these challenges and introduces a set of hypotheses relating to the performance of botnet takedown initiatives. In addition to researchers, the article will be of particular interest to personnel in technical, legal, and management functions of organizations interested in improving the quality of their communications and accelerating decision making for the purpose of launching and operating botnet takedown initiatives. It will also be of interest to entrepreneurs who wish to launch and grow cybersecurity ventures that provide solutions to botnet and malware threats.},
	keywords = {botnet takedowns, cyber-attacks, dismantle cybercriminal networks, disrupt online networks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/862},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/862},
	author = {Reza Shirazi}
}
@article {894,
	title = {Disrupting the Disrupter: Strategic Countermeasures to Attack the Business Model of a Coercive Patent-Holding Firm},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A coercive patent-holding firm operates a business model that strategically targets firms to force unforeseen patent licensing rents. Coercive patent holders use aggressive litigation tactics to instantaneously create a complicated asymmetrical expensive problem with significant business risk. The strategy creates a dominant position by leveraging legal and business pressure to force the targeted firm into an involuntarily engagement with a coercive patent-holding firm. Such engagements can be quite profitable for the patent holders {\textendash} and quite devastating for targeted firms. Thus, this article attempts to synthesize a business model framework that reveals insights concerning the profit formula, key resources, and key processes that support the dominant position of coercive patent-holding firms. Based on this framework, we further synthesize countermeasures to disrupt these business model elements and diminish the dominant position. The insights and countermeasures reveal strategic options and tactics that can be leveraged against the business model of a coercive patent-holding firm to alter the dominant position and improve the business situation of the targeted firm. },
	keywords = {business model, business model framework, coercive patent holder, countermeasures, intellectual property, non-practicing entity, NPE, patent, patent arsenal, patent office policy, patent shark, patent troll},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/894},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/894},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {947,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (December 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, closed innovation, context, crowdsourcing, innovation networks, living labs, Open innovation, spaces and places, urban living labs, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/947},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/947},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {911,
	title = {Establishing New Codes for Creativity through Haute Cuisine: The Case of Ferran Adri{\`a} and elBulli},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {25-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Ferran Adri{\`a} is one of the most recognized chefs in the world. His restaurant, elBulli, was awarded five times the title of the Best Restaurant in the World. Through an analysis of the last 30 years of the creative journey of elBulli, this contribution highlights that Adri{\`a} and his team of chefs succeeded in articulating two different processes: i) a process of creativity that aimed at defining a new {\textquotedblleft}school{\textquotedblright} of high cuisine and ii) a process of innovation that was expressed by the new gastronomic experiences offered to the (happy few) customers of the restaurant until its closure in 2011. A careful examination of the coupling and decoupling of these two processes shows how they fueled each other, and how the management of the organization (through a specific type of ambidexterity) was conducive to the adequate articulation of the two processes. },
	keywords = {ambidexterity, creative process, creativity, elBulli, exploitation, exploration, Ferran Adri{\`a}, gastronomy, haute cuisine, innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/911},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/911},
	author = {Ignasi Capdevila and Patrick Cohendet and Laurent Simon}
}
@article {949,
	title = {Exploring the Benefits of Integrating Business Model Research within Living Lab Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {19-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business model and living lab research both have similar objectives {\textendash} to maximize the probability of successful market introduction of innovative solutions {\textendash} be it through different means. Yet, there are still only few studies or reports discussing both, with those studies that do touch the subject staying at a high level. iMinds Living Labs has gained a lot of experience in combined living lab and business model innovation projects and, rather than being competing approaches, our results have shown that these two research methodologies can be complementary, where the combined approach turns out to be more powerful than each individual approach used alone. The goal of this article is to promote the inclusion of business model research in a model of "a living lab as a service" (and vice versa) by explaining the benefits and by introducing a practical framework to implement such combined research tracks based on the experience at iMinds Living Labs over the past few years.},
	keywords = {business model, collaboration, innovation, living labs, user research, value network, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/949},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/949},
	author = {Olivier Rits and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {926,
	title = {Innovation on the Open Sea: Examining Competence Transfer and Open Innovation in the Design of Offshore Vessels},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {17-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss the role of open innovation in collaborative design processes in mature industries such as the shipping industry. We examine the design of high-tech offshore service vessels in environments characterized by high volatility and complexity. We elaborate on the role that accumulating and sharing core competences plays in speeding up the innovation process and increasing product value. We present a longitudinal case study of a shipping company implementing an open innovation approach that integrates its own core competences in offshore operations with the competences of ship designers and ship builders to develop a new design for challenging environments. In this article, we draw on an open innovation approach and a competence-based view to demonstrate how the firm can "reach out" to gain novel competences related to innovation, which may transform the competitive environment to the firm{\textquoteright}s advantage. The article would be useful to innovation scholars and practitioners who work with innovative product development.},
	keywords = {Arctic, cooperative design, core competencies, offshore operations, Open innovation, shipbuilding},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/926},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/926},
	author = {Odd Jarl Borch and Marina Z. Solesvik}
}
@article {909,
	title = {Introduction to the Special Issue on Creativity in Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {5-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Managing creativity for innovation is a key challenge in today{\textquoteright}s economy; therefore, the management of ideas will play in increasing role in driving the growth and resilience of organizations. Rather than simple inspired insights, ideas have to be addressed as complex socio-cognitive processes, to be organized and managed. To benefit from the full value of new ideas, management must constantly balance the formal and the informal, the logic of creation and the logic of production, and must learn to couple idea-generation processes and innovation processes through renewed knowledge management practices. In this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review{\textquoteright}s special issue on Creativity in Innovation, the guest editors highlight the need to manage: i) ideation processes to foster creativity, ii) the tension that exists between the logic of creation and production; and iii) disruptive innovation to transform a traditional industry. },
	keywords = {creativity, ideas, ideation, innovation, management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/909},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/909},
	author = {Patrick Cohendet and Laurent Simon}
}
@article {950,
	title = {Leveraging Living Lab Innovation Processes through Crowdsourcing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Around the globe, crowdsourcing initiatives are emerging and contributing in a diversity of areas, such as in crisis management and product development and to carry out micro-tasks such as translations and transcriptions. The essence of crowdsourcing is to acknowledge that not all the talented people work for you; hence, crowdsourcing brings more perspectives, insights, and visions to, for instance, an innovation process. In this article, we analyze how crowdsourcing can contribute to the different stages of innovation processes carried out in living labs and thus contribute to living labs by strengthening their core role as innovation process facilitators. We have also identified benefits and challenges that need to be grappled with for managers of living labs to make it possible for the crowd to fully support their cause.},
	keywords = {citizen, crowdsourcing, ICT, innovation process, Living lab, user},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/950},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/950},
	author = {Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Josefin Lassinantti}
}
@article {873,
	title = {Personal Health Systems Technologies: Critical Issues in Service Innovation and Diffusion},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {46-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Personal health system (PHS) technologies can enhance public and private health service delivery and provide new business opportunities in Europe and around the world. Although much PHS technology has already been developed and could potentially provide virtually everyone with access to personalized healthcare, research driven primarily by a technology push may fail, because it fails to situate PHS within the wider health and social care service systems. In this article, we explore the scattered PHS research and innovation landscape, as well its relevant markets, using several types of analyses: bibliometrics, patent analysis, social network analysis, stakeholder workshops, and interviews. Our analyses aim to identify critical issues in the development and implementation of service systems around PHS technologies. },
	keywords = {ehealth, foresight studies, health and social care, healthcare, innovation ecosystem, mhealth, personal health systems, service innovation, service systems, stakeholders, system design, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/873},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/873},
	author = {Doris Schartinger and Ian Miles and Ozcan Saritas and Effie Amanatidou and Susanne Giesecke and Barbara Heller-Schuh and Laura Pombo-Juarez and G{\"u}nter Schreier}
}
@article {951,
	title = {Places and Spaces within Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {37-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we propose the concepts of places and spaces as conceptual tools to facilitate the organization of innovation activities within living labs. We have taken a pragmatic perspective on these concepts regarding how they are integrated in design situations, and how different types of places and spaces can facilitate or hinder innovation. We have found that, by applying openness, realism, and influence in the different spaces of our living lab milieus, they have transformed into many different places depending on the stakeholders involved, the methods chosen, and the facilitation of activities. Hence, by understanding this line of reasoning, living lab managers can make more informed decisions and plans for innovation activities.},
	keywords = {influence, Living lab, openness, place, realism, space},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/951},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/951},
	author = {Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn and Carina Ihlstr{\"o}m Eriksson and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st}
}
@article {915,
	title = {Setting the Stage for Collaborative Creative Leadership at Cirque du Soleil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {59-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Debates about the nature of leadership for creativity have been ongoing since the 1950s. But, despite the central role leadership plays in the management of creative processes, few contributions highlight the actual practice of leadership for collaborative creative ventures. This interview with the Director of Acrobatics and Coaching at Cirque du Soleil addresses the reflexive experience of a creative leader faced with the challenges of integrating multiple expertises around complex, technological, human, and poly-sensorial creative performances. In this context, leadership for collaborative creativity appears as a constant and dynamic balancing act between people, ideas, deliverables, and the position and personality of the leader.},
	keywords = {Cirque du Soleil, collaboration, creativity, innovation, leadership},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/915},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/915},
	author = {Laurent Simon}
}
@article {895,
	title = {Viability Radar: A Practical Tool for Assessing the Viability of Transformative Service Innovations in a Healthcare Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {17-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article develops and showcases the viability radar, which is designed to assess the innovation potential of transformative service ideas. Based on service research and innovation literature, we highlight the importance of novel simplifying technology, supporting value networks, cost-effective business models, and regulatory environments that enable the renewal of prevailing market practices. We operationalize the radar with a set of questions and assess the innovation potential of three pilot cases of new transformative healthcare services. },
	keywords = {business model, ecosystem, healthcare, innovation, institutionalization, technology, transformative service, viability, viability assessment, viability radar},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/895},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/895},
	author = {Marikka Heikkil{\"a} and Jouni Saarni and Valtteri Kaartemo and Aki Koponen}
}
@article {921,
	title = {Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Nations: Growth and Replication Strategies and Their Impact on Poverty Alleviation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	pages = {34-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The need to improve the status of women and the promotion of women{\textquoteright}s roles in development are no longer seen merely as issues of human rights or social justice. Investments in women are now widely recognized as crucial to achieving sustainable development. Economic analyses now perceive that low levels of education and training, poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources not only repress women{\textquoteright}s quality of life but limit productivity and hinder economic efficiency and growth. Therefore, the development of opportunities for women is imperative, not only for reasons of equity but also because it makes economic sense and is "good development practice". The article describes the status and background of women in South Asia and highlights the need to create women entrepreneurs for poverty alleviation. Although some women do start micro-level businesses to support themselves and their families, the contribution is minor and many of these businesses are unlikely to grow or are not viable over the long term. Thus, this article focuses on women entrepreneurship development programs in light of the challenges and regional variations facing women entrepreneurs in South Asia and identifies nine areas where such programs can be strengthened. Their successful replication and implementation, in India specifically and South Asia generally, is discussed for an international audience to raise awareness of the challenges women and support institutions have faced in achieving success in fostering women entrepreneurship. It is hoped that this narration of the Indian and South Asian experience will assist in its replication in other developing nations.},
	keywords = {developing nations, poverty alleviation, women entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship development programs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/921},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/921},
	author = {Hina Shah and Punit Saurabh}
}
@article {812,
	title = {Ambidextrous Strategies and Innovation Priorities: Adequately Priming the Pump for Continual Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {44-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The dynamic and unpredictable nature of the market has caused many organizations within rapidly changing industries to fail. These failures are, in part, due to a lack of continual and balanced innovation that firms should aim to achieve. That is, although firms may succeed at either refining existing competencies for incremental innovations or exploring new opportunities for radical innovations, many firms have experienced great difficulty in simultaneously pursuing and realizing success in both areas. This innovation imbalance arises when firms stick to traditional strategic notions of competition in fast-moving industries; these firms have not realized that the ability to compete in current and new markets begins with the strategies and priorities that are responsible for the very nature of innovation capabilities. The purpose of this study is to offer a reconceptualization of notions related to organizational strategy that are responsible for driving innovation capabilities. Specifically, this study develops a continual innovation framework that illustrates the impact ambidextrous strategies and priorities have on the firm{\textquoteright}s ambidextrous innovation capability. It offers a modified concept of ambidexterity (i.e., exploration, exploitation, coordination) to reconceptualize business, marketing, and information systems strategies as ambidextrous strategy constructs. The article also discusses the relationships between constructs and the implications of this reconceptualization for researchers and managers.},
	keywords = {ambidexterity, exploitation, exploration, innovation, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/812},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/812},
	author = {Nehemiah Scott}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Challenging the Stage-Gate Model in Crowdsourcing: The Case of Fiat Mio in Brazil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach {\textendash} the accordion model {\textendash} which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a {\textquotedblleft}funnel{\textquotedblright} of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of {\textquotedblleft}the sacred and the profane{\textquotedblright} to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the {\textquotedblleft}sacred{\textquotedblright} experts from Fiat and the {\textquotedblleft}profane{\textquotedblright} lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects.},
	keywords = {automobile industry, Brazil, crowdsourcing, Fiat, marketing, Open innovation, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/829},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/829},
	author = {Fabio Prado Saldanha and Patrick Cohendet and Marlei Pozzebon}
}
@article {799,
	title = {A Citation-Based Patent Evaluation Framework to Reveal Hidden Value and Enable Strategic Business Decisions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {4-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Patent evaluation methodologies enable firms to make informed strategic business decisions by associating and revealing hidden information surrounding a patent. However, the value of a patent depends on a firm{\textquoteright}s capabilities and strategic direction; therefore, a patent evaluation requires the information to be properly related and aligned with a particular business consideration. This article reviews the literature on citation-based patent evaluation methodologies and develops a framework to help managers and entrepreneurs identify strategic groups of business considerations. The framework shows how categories of information can be interrelated to different strategic groups of business considerations, thereby providing a competitive advantage to the evaluating firm. The article includes recommendations for managers and entrepreneurs to help them make citation-based patent evaluation an ongoing business practice to enable strategic decision making.},
	keywords = {citation-based patent evaluation, intellectual property, literature review, patent, patent citations, patent evaluation, patent value, prior art citation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/799},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/799},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {810,
	title = {Commercialization and Public Good: Conflict, Complement, or Critical Component?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {27-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The controversy regarding the role of science in society {\textendash} and how science can best achieve its role {\textendash} may well date as far back as the beginnings of science itself. The specific arguments and the possible mechanisms for science to impact society, however, have changed over time. This article picks up the conversation with regards to the specific role of publicly funded science, presuming, similar to Brecht in this article{\textquoteright}s opening quotation, that publicly funded science has the goal of making positive contributions to society. 

To achieve this goal, today{\textquoteright}s scientists and research managers face a myriad options of publication venues, protection mechanism, and collaborations with external partners including licensing and other options for commercialization. Oftentimes, the goal of achieving positive contributions to society is perceived as being in fundamental conflict with the restrictions many commercialization arrangements place on the use of knowledge. This article argues that, although commercialization may at times conflict with the goal of achieving positive contributions to society, it can also be complementary to pursuits towards societal contributions, or even a critical component in achieving the desired positive contributions to society. More specifically, it suggests that the use of the term {\textquotedblleft}science for the public good{\textquotedblright} as description of the goal to achieve positive societal contributions might create confusion with the economic term {\textquotedblleft}public good{\textquotedblright}. Thus, it seeks to reframe the discussion of how science can contribute to society in an era of increased openness and interaction. },
	keywords = {commercialization, intellectual property, public good, publicly funded science, science in society, societal benefits, technology transfer, university research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/810},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/810},
	author = {R. Sandra Schillo}
}
@article {783,
	title = {Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication for Local Service Providers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	pages = {35-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Word-of-mouth communication is a valuable means of marketing for small, local service providers. Face-to-face transmission is most prevalent, but electronic word-of-mouth is on the rise. Through the results of an agent-based simulation, this article shows that the penetration of word-of-mouth for a small service provider, who is locally restricted due to the inseparability of production and consumption, could benefit less from a growth in word-of-mouth connections than a larger service provider. Only if the added electronic connections are mainly local, small and larger service providers have similar effects on the penetration of word-of-mouth. The article includes a discussion of how small service providers could react to this threat.},
	keywords = {agent-based simulation, electronic word-of-mouth, local service provider, threshold model},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/783},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/783},
	author = {Nora Sch{\"u}tze}
}
@article {830,
	title = {Finding the Signal in the Noise of Patent Citations: How to Focus on Relevance for Strategic Advantage},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {36-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Patent evaluations based on prior art citation data are business methodologies that can reveal hidden relationships between a patent and the associated prior art citations. These hidden relationships can further identify firms, actors and, technology and can identify strategic business relationships and opportunities. However, a fundamental problem with existing methodologies for discovering relevant relationships in citation data is noise. Citation noise obscures relevant relationships and impedes the potential value of these methodologies. This article reviews the literature on prior art citations as they relate to citation-based patent evaluation methodologies. A framework is presented to overcome citation noise and reveal relevant relationships to evaluate knowledge, technology, and invention properties, thereby opening up strategic and competitive advantages to the evaluating firm. The article provides guidance to executives and managers to help improve strategic decision making through relevant citation-based patent evaluations.},
	keywords = {citation noise, citation-based patent evaluation, intellectual property, literature review, patent evaluation, patent evaluation limitations, prior art citations},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/830},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/830},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {793,
	title = {Integrating Design for All in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {50-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The European Union has identified innovation as a key driver behind business competitiveness and responsive governance. However, innovation in and of itself may not be sufficient to help businesses bring new products to market and to help governments shape public services that meet the real needs of citizens. The Integrating Design for All in Living Labs (IDeALL) project sought to identify and test methodologies for designing with users in real-life settings. The results of the experiments showed how different methodologies can be applied in different contexts, helping to provide solutions to societal issues and to create products and services that genuinely meet user requirements. In this article, we describe the methodologies used in the IDeALL project and provide examples of the project{\textquoteright}s experiments and case studies across four main areas: i) services; ii) health and social care; iii) information and communication technology; and iv) urban design. },
	keywords = {3H, co-creation, design, design for all, health, HUMBLES, ICT, innovation, living labs, LUPI, methodologies, service prototyping, services, social care, urban design, user-centred approaches},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/793},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/793},
	author = {Madeleine Gray and Mika{\"e}l Mangyoku and Artur Serra and Laia S{\'a}nchez and Francesc Aragall}
}
@article {800,
	title = {Mobile Convergence and Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Innovative Products and Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {14-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Our research on 2012 and 2013 Canadian wireless service pricing indicates that data was underpriced relative to traditional voice and text messaging services. Such a situation, while potentially disadvantaging consumers of traditional mobile services, created a market that favoured competitors pursuing innovative uses of mobile data. Although more competitive pressures in the telecommunications market would provide broader benefits to Canadian consumers and facilitate greater innovation in related services, a favorable pricing differential vis-{\`a}-vis data transmission provides useful incentives. Even with recent changes to the pricing of mobile services in Canada, we should expect continued development of services that substitute data for voice and text messaging, particularly for international communications, as well as more innovative uses of mobile data.},
	keywords = {Canada, competition, entrepreneurship, innovation, mobile convergence, mobile services, wireless pricing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/800},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/800},
	author = {Jeff Moretz and Chirag Surti}
}
@article {758,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, collaboration barriers, communities, competitors, complementors, core community, governance, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/758},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/758},
	author = {Derek Smith and Asrar Alshaikh and Rawan Bojan and Anish Kak and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh}
}
@article {789,
	title = {Product and Service Interaction in the Chinese Online Game Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {6-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the rapidly-growing online game industry in China, which is a prime example of the changing regional landscape of new creative industries in East Asia. The industry{\textquoteright}s evolution in China demonstrates the complexity of the growth of this industry through various knowledge and production networks. Despite the fact that Chinese companies were initially a second mover in this industry and had limited technological competence, they managed to move up the value chain within a few years, from operators of foreign-developed games to game developers. The catch-up process in this creative industry has differed from traditional manufacturing industries, which reflects the responsiveness and close proximity between product and service as key elements of the online game experience. This article conceptualizes this product{\textendash}service offering in the industry and highlights its requirement for a widespread geographical network, as well as close proximity and responsiveness between elements of the network. In the empirical study of the growth of the Chinese online game industry described here, we argue that Chinese companies have managed to grow by utilizing the strategic control of service, player preferences, and responsiveness in this network, and translating this control into constant incremental improvement of their game development offering. },
	keywords = {China, Korea, MMOG, network, online gaming, product and service, service innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/789},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/789},
	author = {Patrik Str{\"o}m and Mirko Ernkvist}
}
@article {821,
	title = {Reviewing the Knowledge Systems of Innovation and the Associated Roles of Major Stakeholders in the Indian Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {36-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we review various models of knowledge systems and discusses the relationships between various component stakeholders of innovation, namely higher-education institutions, industry, and government. The article uses India as a case study to examine new challenges and opportunities facing its innovation ecosystem. Within this context, we review existing models of knowledge systems through an innovative representation exemplifying the knowledge landscape and the model positioning. We argue for a reinforcing role of major stakeholders in the proliferation of innovation and entrepreneurship, and the need to promote healthy interactions between them.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, government, higher-education institutions, industry, innovation ecosystem, innovation system, knowledge systems, models, stakeholders, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/821},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/821},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Prabha Bhola and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {849,
	title = {Safety in the Online World of the Future},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {41-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we address what it means to be safe in the online world of the future by advocating the perspective whereby improving safety will improve resilience in cyberspace. We adopt a specific approach towards transdisciplinarity; present a weakly transdisciplinary model of the safety context and an initial position about what existing disciplines are most relevant; and link prospect theory to risk-based decision making as one example that could lead to a new paradigm for safety. By treating safety as a transdisciplinary challenge, there is an opportunity to enable the participants of the online world to become more productive and creative than ever before. The beneficiary of this increased productivity and creativity will ultimately be the public. The perspective of this article is of interest to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, prospect theory, risk-based decision making, safety, security, weak transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/849},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/849},
	author = {Nadeem Douba and Bj{\"o}rn R{\"u}tten and David Scheidl and Paul Soble and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {672,
	title = {Editorial: Open Innovation and Entrepreneurship (April 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business ecosystems, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship, incubation, innovation, Open innovation, partnership, R\&D, regional innovation system, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/672},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/672},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Jean-Pierre Segers}
}
@article {643,
	title = {Editorial: Open Source Sustainability (January 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {governance, open source, oss, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/643},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/643},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Maha Shaikh}
}
@article {657,
	title = {How Can Entrepreneurs Motivate Crowdsourcing Participants?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {02/2013},
	pages = {23-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdsourcing is a way to access a global crowd of talented people and to channel their talent and creative effort towards some useful endeavour. Technology entrepreneurs who may have limited resources, especially during the start-up phase of the business, will be attracted to crowdsourcing as a means to access funding, knowledge, subject matter experts, and resources on a global scale. In this article, we review the published research on crowdsourcing as it relates to motivation, and distil the insights from that research that will be useful to technology entrepreneurs. First, we organize the published research into three streams according to crowd type: i) task-based public crowd, ii) information-exchange public crowd, and iii) employee-based crowd. Next, we identify the motivational drivers common to all streams as well as the motivational drivers that are unique to each stream. Finally, we offer five recommendations for technology entrepreneurs seeking to apply crowdsourcing.},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, entrepreneur, startup, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/657},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/657},
	author = {Derek Smith and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh and Asrar Alshaikh}
}
@article {693,
	title = {Leveraging Old Intellectual Property to Accelerate Technology Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {06/2013},
	pages = {21-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Acquiring or licensing assets to older technologies, including surviving intellectual property rights, is an often-overlooked viable strategy for accelerating technology entrepreneurship. This strategy can help entrepreneurs short-cut the growth of a customer base, reduce development effort, and shorten the time to market with a minimum viable product. However, this strategy is not without risk; entrepreneurs need to be careful that the acquired intellectual property rights are not fraught with issues that could severely outweigh any perceived value. Proper investigation is required to ensure success because the current literature fails to provide tools that an entrepreneur can apply when considering the acquisition of intellectual property. 

This article includes a case study of a technology company {\textendash} Piranha Games {\textendash} that indirectly acquired sole and exclusive access to a substantial historical customer base by acquiring and licensing older technology and surviving intellectual property assets. The founders then leveraged the existing product brand and its historical customers to acquire significant funding and went global with a minimum viable product in three years. The copyright and trademark assets provided value on day one to Piranha Games by making it difficult and risky for others to exploit the technology. Based on this case study, this article offers recommendations to entrepreneurs who may benefit from acquiring old intellectual property to accelerate the growth of their startups.},
	keywords = {accelerated startup, business models, copyright, crowdfunding, due diligence, entrepreneurs, funding, intellectual property, old technology, product development clearance, trademark},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/693},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/693},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes: Towards a Conceptual Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {6-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time. },
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation ecosystem, Living lab, Open innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/748},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/748},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Dimitri Schuurman and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {744,
	title = {A Living Lab as a Service: Creating Value for Micro-enterprises through Collaboration and Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {37-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The need to innovate is increasingly important for all types and sizes of organizations, but the opportunities for innovation differ substantially between them. For micro-, small,- and medium-sized enterprises, innovation activities are both crucial and demanding because of limited resources, competencies, or vision to innovate their offerings. To support these organizations, the concept of living labs as a service has started to emerge. This concept refers to living labs offering services such as designing the idea-generation processes, planning or carrying out real-world tests of innovations, and pre-market launch assessments. In this article, we will present the findings from a study of micro-enterprises operating in the information technology development sector, including the experienced value of services provided to the companies by a research-based living lab. We share experiences from Botnia, our own living lab in northern Sweden. In this living lab, our aim of creating value for customers is of key importance. Our study shows that using a living lab as a service can generate three different types of value: improved innovations, the role the living lab can play, and the support the living lab offers.},
	keywords = {experience-based values, innovation intermediary, Living lab, micro-enterprise, value},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/744},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/744},
	author = {Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st}
}
@article {666,
	title = {Local Open Innovation: How to Go from Ideas to Solutions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {03/2013},
	pages = {21-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Local open innovation can be used to create a powerful dynamic within a local multi-stakeholder environment. This article shares the experiences of setting up a collaborative innovation process in a regional initiative in the Netherlands. In the first phase of the process, a couple of interactive idea generating sessions have been organized. These so called Quest for Solutions sessions have not only generated a rich set of useful solutions, but they also created a positive vibe within the local community. Factors that have contributed to the success of the idea generation sessions are working around real-life problems involving people who are directly affected by the problem. The structure of the sessions with alternating phases of divergence, exploration, and convergence allowed for broad understanding of the problems, exploration of potential solutions, and working towards result-oriented value statements. Key challenges in translating the ideas into solutions have been determining the value case and dealing with intellectual property. Special attention is given to the notion of innovative contract design as a means of dealing with intellectual property in an environment of local open innovation. },
	keywords = {intellectual property, local open innovation, Maintenance Valuepark, Quest for Solutions, regional innovation ecosystem},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/666},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/666},
	author = {Oscar Smulders}
}
@article {685,
	title = {Navigating Risk When Entering and Participating in a Business Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05/2013},
	pages = {25-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Entrepreneurs typically have limited resources during the start-up phase of a business. Business ecosystems are a strategy for entrepreneurs to access and exchange many different aspects of value, resources, and benefits. However, there may be business risks for entering a particular type of ecosystem, and further risks may be encountered after entering and participating in a business ecosystem. These risks are significant and can inhibit a startup{\textquoteright}s growth. In this article, the literature on business ecosystems is reviewed as it relates to risk to discover insights of relevance to entrepreneurs, top management teams, and business-ecosystem operators. First, the published research is organized into two streams: i) risks relating to categories of business ecosystems, and ii) risks relating to participating in business ecosystems. Then, the problem is abstracted to develop a potential strategy for managing these risks, which features a pre-entry inspection followed by real-time resource management. Finally, five recommendations are offered for entrepreneurs seeking to enter and participate in business ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, due diligence, entrepreneurs, literature review, mitigation, risk, risk identification, startups, threat management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/685},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/685},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {683,
	title = {Niche Formation in the Mashup Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05/2013},
	pages = {13-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Mashups enable end-users to "mix and match" data and services available on the web to create applications. Their creation is supported by a complex ecosystem of i) data providers who offer open APIs to users, ii) users who combine APIs into mashups, and iii) platforms, such as the ProgrammableWeb or Mashape, that facilitate the construction and publication of mashups. In this article, we argue that the evolution of the mashup ecosystem can be explained in terms of ecosystem niches anchored around hub or keystone APIs. The members of a niche are focused on an area of specialization (e.g., mapping applications) and contribute their knowledge to the value proposition of the ecosystem as a whole. To demonstrate the formation of niches in the mashup ecosystem, we model groups of related mashups as species, and we reconstruct the evolution of mashup species through phylogenetic analysis.  },
	keywords = {ecosystems, evolution, growth, keystones, mashups, niche formation, recombinant innovation, speciation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/683},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/683},
	author = {Michael Weiss and Solange Sari and Nadia Noori}
}
@article {743,
	title = {Open Innovation Processes in Living Lab Innovation Systems: Insights from the LeYLab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs have emerged on the crossroads of the open innovation and user innovation frameworks. As open innovation systems, living labs consist of various actors with each playing their specific role. Within this article, we will take an open innovation perspective by analyzing the knowledge spill-overs between living lab actors through three in-depth innovation case studies taking place within the LeYLab living lab in Kortrijk, Belgium. The results illustrate how living labs foster the three open innovation processes of exploration, exploitation, and retention. From our analysis, we conclude that living labs are particularly useful for exploration and, to a lesser extent, exploitation. In terms of retention, living labs seem to hold a large potential; however, the success and the nature of the innovation processes depend on the sustainability of living labs, the number of innovation cases, and the alignment of these cases with the living lab infrastructure. Based on these findings, a concrete set of guidelines is proposed for innovating in living labs and for setting up a living lab constellation.},
	keywords = {knowledge exchange, living labs, Open innovation, open innovation networks, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/743},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/743},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {674,
	title = {Partner Selection for Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {11-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we consider open innovation from the perspectives of: i) causation and effectuation, and ii) social networking. Our empirical evidence consists of a case study of a late-stage open-innovation project aimed at creating a hybrid ship that uses liquid natural gas and hydrogen as power sources. The results show that the effectuation approach is preferable to open innovation when the initiator of open innovation aims to keep sensitive information inside the closed group, when the initiator has established an effective team of representatives from other firms from earlier innovation projects, and when the participants are geographically close. },
	keywords = {causation, effectuation, Norway, Open innovation, partner selection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/674},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/674},
	author = {Marina Z. Solesvik and Magnus Gulbrandsen}
}
@article {732,
	title = {Reinventing the Wheel: Contextualizing Existing Innovations as a Path to Market Success},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {16-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the quest to create cutting-edge products, organizations often invest substantial time, attention, and capital in primary research and development (R\&D). By themselves, these R\&D investments to create avant-garde products may not provide good return-on-investment. In the context of Canadian businesses, there is a significant scarcity of resources available for R\&D. What can Canadian firms do to stay innovative when they face a plethora of difficulties, including insufficient funding? This article explores how organizations can leverage external innovation and existing technologies to create products or services that cater to the market needs. We present a three-pillar model along with examples of companies that attained market success in large part by contextualizing existing technologies in order to create innovative products or services. This approach provides companies with a high-level framework to facilitate resource-parsimonious creation of commercializable, innovative products that are competitive in today{\textquoteright}s global marketplace.},
	keywords = {commercialization, contextualization of innovation, Innovation management, market-focused innovation, organization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/732},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/732},
	author = {Jeff Moretz and Karthik Sankaranarayanan and Jennifer Percival}
}
@article {718,
	title = {Servitization in a Security Business: Changing the Logic of Value Creation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {65-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can a firm change its value-creation logic from providing technology to selling technology-based services? This is a question many security companies face today when trying to apply a solutions-based business model in response to recent macro- and microeconomic trends. The fact that customers increasingly demand security as a service, rather than technical equipment, challenges the basis of a security firm{\textquoteright}s value provision and alters the logic of its operation. In this article, we investigate a technology- and product-oriented security business that is now rapidly transforming into a service business. We use data from a case study to propose a 4C model (conceptualization, calculation, communication, and co-creation of value) that can help security providers to objectify their service offerings and succeed in the servitization of their security businesses. },
	keywords = {co-creation, customer value creation, objectification, products, security, services, servitization, value provision},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/718},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/718},
	author = {Arto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Murtonen and Kim Starck}
}
@article {722,
	title = {Strategic Innovation for Business Performance: The Art and Science of Transformation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {6-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the well-documented association between innovation and business performance, many organizations struggle in their attempts to become successful innovators. This article discusses a recommended {\textquotedblleft}art and science of transformation{\textquotedblright} approach to help companies improve their innovation performance through effective organizational change. The approach is focused on four key factors: culture, collaboration, strategy, and systems. Examples are drawn from a review of previous research to demonstrate successful innovation practice using similar approaches, and examples of less successful practice are included to highlight ways in which an "art and science" approach can help overcome the difficulties often faced. The article concludes with some practical, step-by-step guidance based on the art and science of transformation framework. },
	keywords = {art and science of transformation, innovation, organizational change, strategy, transformation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/722},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/722},
	author = {Harold Schroeder}
}
@article {676,
	title = {Strategic Partnerships and Open Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry in Belgium},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Strategic partnerships in the biotechnology industry allow new technology-based firms to gain a foothold in this high-cost, high-risk industry. In this article, we examine the impact of strategic partnerships and open innovation on the success of new biotechnology firms in Belgium by developing multiple case studies of firms in regional biotechnology clusters. We find that, despite their small size and relative immaturity, new biotechnology firms are able to adopt innovative business models by providing R\&D and services to larger firms and openly cooperating with them through open innovation. },
	keywords = {Belgium, biotechnology, business models, Open innovation, R\&D, strategic partnerships},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/676},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/676},
	author = {Jean-Pierre Segers}
}
@article {645,
	title = {Sustainability in Open Source Software Commons: Lessons Learned from an Empirical Study of SourceForge Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {13-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we summarize a five-year US National Science Foundation funded study designed to investigate the factors that lead some open source projects to ongoing collaborative success while many others become abandoned. Our primary interest was to conduct a study that was closely representative of the population of open source software projects in the world, rather than focus on the more-often studied, high-profile successful cases. After building a large database of projects (n=174,333) and implementing a major survey of open source developers (n=1403), we were able to conduct statistical analyses to investigate over forty theoretically-based testable hypotheses. Our data firmly support what we call the conventional theory of open source software, showing that projects start small, and, in successful cases, grow slightly larger in terms of team size. We describe the {\textquotedblleft}virtuous circle{\textquotedblright} supporting conventional wisdom of open source collaboration that comes out of this analysis, and we discuss two other interesting findings related to developer motivations and how team members find each other. Each of these findings is related to the sustainability of these projects. },
	keywords = {commons, institutional analysis, internet-based collaboration, open source software, SourceForge},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/645},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/645},
	author = {Charles M. Schweik}
}
@article {576,
	title = {Being Disruptive: How Open Growth is Delivering Effective Social Change at a Fast Pace},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {16-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Both innovators and funders need tools that map the entire constellation of solutions in a sector. Innovators, often labeled and isolated as system disruptors, need to be linked with their global peers offering and seeking each others proven strategies to accelerate positive change. The impact investing space needs a simple, open, and transparent way to find, convene, support, and track the progress of innovators.

This article describes how the Ashoka Changemakers.com online community creates a space for: investors to find and support multiple innovations; social innovators to find each other, work together, and source funds; and disruptive innovations to grow over time where disruptive change is needed, fast. Crowd-sourcing, transparency, and open growth are keys to accelerating large-scale change and creating a world of changemakers.
},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, open growth, open source, scaling-up, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social networks, transparency},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/576},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/576},
	author = {Elisha Muskat and Delyse Sylvester}
}
@article {567,
	title = {Building Trust in High-Performing Teams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {38-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Facilitation of growth is more about good, trustworthy contacts than capital. Trust is a driving force for business creation, and to create a global business you need to build a team that is capable of meeting the challenge. Trust is a key factor in team building and a needed enabler for cooperation. In general, trust building is a slow process, but it can be accelerated with open interaction and good communication skills. The fast-growing and ever-changing nature of global business sets demands for cooperation and team building, especially for startup companies. Trust building needs personal knowledge and regular face-to-face interaction, but it also requires empathy, respect, and genuine listening. Trust increases communication, and rich and open communication is essential for the building of high-performing teams. Other building materials are a shared vision, clear roles and responsibilities, willingness for cooperation, and supporting and encouraging leadership. 

This study focuses on trust in high-performing teams. It asks whether it is possible to manage trust and which tools and operation models should be used to speed up the building of trust. In this article, preliminary results from the authors{\textquoteright} research are presented to highlight the importance of sharing critical information and having a high level of communication through constant interaction. },
	keywords = {high-performance teams, high-performing teams, social capital, team, team building, trust, wellbeing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/567},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/567},
	author = {Mila Hakanen and Aki Soudunsaari}
}
@article {568,
	title = {A Business Application of the System Dynamics Approach: Word-of-Mouth and Its Effect in an Online Environment},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {42-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we illustrate the use of system dynamics modeling approach to study a complex system: word-of-mouth. Word-of-mouth plays an important role in reducing risk and uncertainty in purchase and consumption. Most of the prior research on word-of-mouth focused on studying either the factors that trigger consumers{\textquoteright} participation (sending or receiving) in word-of-mouth activities or the impact word-of-mouth information has on consumers{\textquoteright} buying decisions. The relationship between the two decision processes, however, is recursive and dynamic. Most prior studies have not focused on a recursive relationship. Our objective is to present a system dynamics model for the study of the relationship between the buying decision and the decision to participate in word-of-mouth communication. We also discuss how system dynamics modeling can be used in other complex problems in business such as the creation of a global business.},
	keywords = {adoption, modeling, recursive relationship, system dynamics, word-of-mouth},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/568},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/568},
	author = {Roman Wong and Shirley Ye Sheng}
}
@article {595,
	title = {Creating Tomorrow{\textquoteright}s Global Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of the Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {16-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents a case study of the University of Manitoba{\textquoteright}s Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship. The Centre provides experiential entrepreneurial training for youth as well as undergraduate and MBA students. The article describes the various programs the Centre is involved with both locally and internationally. These include preparing students for investment competitions, entrepreneurship day camps for at-risk youth, undergraduate entrepreneurship student exchange, and national and international training of entrepreneurship teachers. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurship education and training; business plan development; student exchange},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/595},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/595},
	author = {Malcolm C. Smith and Mavis McRae}
}
@article {534,
	title = {A Customer Value Creation Framework for Businesses That Generate Revenue with Open Source Software},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {03/2012},
	pages = {18-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurs must create value for customers in order to generate revenue. This article examines the dimensions of customer value creation and provides a framework to help entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders of open source projects create value, with an emphasis on businesses that generate revenue from open source assets. The proposed framework focuses on a firm{\textquoteright}s pre-emptive value offering (also known as a customer value proposition). This is a firm{\textquoteright}s offering of the value it seeks to create for a customer, in order to meet his or her requirements.},
	keywords = {customer value, customer value creation, open source business, technology entrepreneurship, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/534},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/534},
	author = {Aparna Shanker}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Developmental Impact Analysis of an ICT-Enabled Scalable Healthcare Model in BRICS Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article highlights the need for initiating a healthcare business model in a grassroots, emerging-nation context. This article{\textquoteright}s backdrop is a history of chronic anomalies afflicting the healthcare sector in India and similarly placed BRICS nations. In these countries, a significant percentage of populations remain deprived of basic healthcare facilities and emergency services. Community (primary care) services are being offered by public and private stakeholders as a panacea to the problem. Yet, there is an urgent need for specialized (tertiary care) services at all levels. 
As a response to this challenge, an all-inclusive health-exchange system (HES) model, which utilizes information communication technology (ICT) to provide solutions in rural India, has been developed. The uniqueness of the model lies in its innovative hub-and-spoke architecture and its emphasis on affordability, accessibility, and availability to the masses. This article describes a developmental impact analysis (DIA) that was used to assess the impact of this model. The article contributes to the knowledge base of readers by making them aware of the healthcare challenges emerging nations are facing and ways to mitigate those challenges using entrepreneurial solutions.},
	keywords = {business model innovation, developmental Impact analysis, DIA, health technology, social entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/565},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/565},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Bhaskar Bhowmick and Amrita and Dhrubes Biswas}
}
@article {561,
	title = {Editorial: Global Business Creation (June 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {global business creation, globalization, international business, startups, venture creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/561},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/561},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Marko Sepp{\"a} and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {635,
	title = {An Enterprise Perspective on Customer Value Propositions for Open Source Software},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Research on open source software (OSS) has examined value creation primarily from the perspective of the individuals and suppliers that create the software. The perspective of enterprise users who use and pay for OSS has been largely neglected so far. Understanding what paying customers want and how to create products and services they value is the cornerstone of any business model. Therefore, research on what enterprise users value in OSS is of paramount importance to OSS solution suppliers; it can be used to create a new customer base and sustain an existing one. 
This study examines the value of OSS as perceived by enterprise customers. Through an analysis of three literature streams (firm participation in open source software, business models, and customer value), a model on customer value creation was developed. Interviews were conducted with nine decision makers from enterprises that use OSS in operational projects. The key findings of this research are that: i) the maturity of the software determines the degree to which customers value their relationship with the supplier; ii) customers value differentiating functionality and costs savings; and iii) switching costs with OSS depend on the size, complexity, and dependencies of the software itself. This research identifies the points of value that the suppliers of OSS should focus on, and it points to the need for marketing strategies that can demonstrate this value to enterprise customers. },
	keywords = {business models, customer value creation, enterprise customers, marketing strategy, open source software, open source suppliers},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/635},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/635},
	author = {Aparna Shanker}
}
@article {562,
	title = {From Business Administration to Business Creation: The Case of the Kalevala Global Business Creation School},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {6-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Are there any businesses left to administer? The question is of course rhetorical and aimed at underscoring how several societies are more severely in need of creators of new businesses than managers of established ones. And yet, nearly all universities only produce masters of business administration, at best. Apart from theoretical research about business creation, and the education of masters of such research, universities are generally not equipped to produce knowledge for business creation or to produce masters of business creation.

This conceptual article calls for a new, complementary approach to research and education, around the theme of global business creation. Due to the limitations and restrictions related to the traditions and practices of the science of business administration, where the means justify the ends, a new exploratory field coined as the {\textquotedblleft}Art of Business Creation,{\textquotedblright} where the end justifies the means, is being explored for some inspiration.

For a concrete solution, the concept of a globally distributed, enterprise-centric, entrepreneurial-faculty-driven, open-innovation-based, and social-media-empowered university entity is depicted in this article. It is a new-generation private-public-partnership and {\textquotedblleft}Living Lab 2.0{\textquotedblright} referred to as Kalevala Global Business Creation School. The conceptualization draws from observations and action research during the Global Venture Lab Finland experiment at the University of Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a} from 2007 to 2011.
},
	keywords = {business creation, business school, co-creation, entrepreneurship, knowledge investing, Open innovation, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/562},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/562},
	author = {Marko Sepp{\"a}}
}
@article {605,
	title = {Living Labs for Cross-Border Systemic Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {25-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovation is increasingly taking place in cross-border collaborative networks, which are shaped by the characteristics of systemic innovation, the strategies and objectives of main actors, and the dynamics of the innovation process. Participation in such networks is of high importance for small firms, but requires long-term investments and a diverse range of collaboration and innovation capabilities. This article explores how living labs, understood as innovation projects based on open and user-centric innovation methodologies, can form collaboration networks to support small firms and other actors to engage in cross-border collaboration and to accelerate the development and acceptance of innovations. Based on the lessons learned from a major living lab project, APOLLON, we conclude that adopting the living labs networking approach requires thorough understanding of each party{\textquoteright}s objectives and drivers, the alignment of operational processes, establishment of open and collaborative culture, as well as competences, methods, and tools for supporting cooperation and community building. },
	keywords = {collaboration, innovation, living labs, networks, systemic},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/605},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/605},
	author = {Hans Schaffers and Petra Turkama}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Neuromarketing: Understanding Customers{\textquoteright} Subconscious Responses to Marketing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {12-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents neuromarketing as a way to detect brain activation during customer engagement. Neuromarketing is a field of marketing research that studies consumers{\textquoteright} sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. We established a Virtual Customer Journey model based on the consultative selling process to study customer engagement by using brain scans. Consultative selling suggests that a customer{\textquoteright}s shopping experience is managed by the salesperson{\textquoteright}s behaviour and in-store marketing assets, and that the customer gets engaged step by step. A total of 16 test subjects were shown video clips and still pictures from a consultative sales process at Nokia{\textquoteright}s flagship stores, and their brain activity was scanned. The results show that test subjects were able to associate themselves with people and events on the video and they felt safe and comfortable during the consultative selling process. The study implies that laboratories can build virtual environments that resemble real shopping environments where customers can participate in the buying process and respond to events displayed on the screen, and that neuroimaging is useful in providing valuable information on customer behaviour that is not achievable otherwise.},
	keywords = {brain scans, consultative selling, customer engagement, customer journey, fMRI, neuroimaging, neuromarketing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/634},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/634},
	author = {Jyrki Suomala and Lauri Palokangas and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Jarmo Heinonen and Jussi Numminen}
}
@article {522,
	title = {Organizational Ambidexterity: How Small Technology Firms Balance Innovation and Support},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many technology entrepreneurs start their companies by focusing on an innovation that creates a market offer to attract their first customers. When the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s firm makes its first sale, the dynamics of the organization change and the entrepreneur faces a new challenge: how can the firm concurrently develop new products and support existing customers? This problem is of great concern to entrepreneurs who own small technology firms and is the subject of this article. 
In this article, we first address the innovate-versus-support dilemma that small technology firms face early in their lifecycles. Next, we describe the paradigm of the ambidextrous organization. We conclude with a discussion of five mechanisms small firms can use to achieve balance in their quest to concurrently satisfy the need to innovate while fulfilling the demands of existing clients and products. 
},
	keywords = {ambidextrous organization, entrepreneurship, innovation, support},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/522},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/522},
	author = {John Schreuders and Alem Legesse}
}
@article {597,
	title = {Predicting Ecosystem Alliances Using Landscape Theory},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {31-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous articles in the TIM Review have covered various aspects of the concept of business ecosystems, from the types of ecosystems to keystone strategy, to different member roles and value co-creation. While there is no dearth of suggested best practices that organizations should follow as ecosystem members, it can be difficult to apply these insights into actionable steps for them to take. This is especially true when the ecosystem members already have a prior history of cooperation or competition with each other, as opposed to where a new ecosystem is created.

Landscape theory, a political science approach to predicting coalition formation and strategic alliances, can be a useful complement to ecosystems studies by providing a tool to evaluate the best possible alliance options for an organization, given information about itself and the other companies in the system. As shown in the case study of mobile device manufacturers choosing platform providers in the mobile ecosystem, this tool is highly flexible and customizable, with more data providing a more accurate view of the alliances in the ecosystem. At the same time, with even basic parameters, companies can glean significant information about which coalitions will best serve their interest and overall standing within the ecosystem. 

This article shows the synergies between landscape theory and an ecosystems approach and offers a practical, actionable way in which to analyze individual member benefits.},
	keywords = {alliance formation, business ecosystems, coalition forming games, coalition prediction, landscape theory},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/597},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/597},
	author = {Shruti Satsangi}
}
@article {525,
	title = {Q\&A. What Is Customer Value and How Do You Deliver It?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {32-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {customer feedback, customer value, market orientation, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/525},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/525},
	author = {Aparna Shanker}
}
@article {513,
	title = {Q\&A. What Is the Secret of Red Hat{\textquoteright}s Success?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {25-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaboration, community, innovation, open source, Red Hat},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/513},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/513},
	author = {Ruth Suehle}
}
@article {637,
	title = {Real-Time Mobile Communication of Power Requirements for Electric Vehicles},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The periodic power requirements of an electric vehicle are difficult to predict because the vehicle{\textquoteright}s location, the amount of charge remaining in its batteries, and the timing of its next charge are not known. For clusters of electric vehicles, the problem is magnified, and there is a risk that the demand will strain and overload a power utility{\textquoteright}s infrastructure. Operational managers are left with reactive management of the infrastructure that may defer or prevent a vehicle charge to balance power demands and safeguard the infrastructure.

In this article, the following key concepts are analyzed to provide background on the problem and to outline the requirements of any solution: i) demand uncertainty and reactive management approaches, ii) electric vehicle power requirements, and iii) demand-management telecommunication capabilities. Then, by abstraction, induction, and creative synthesis, a novel solution to the problem is proposed to provide real-time mobile communication of power requirements. The proposed solution has potential to create new service and business opportunities to managers and entrepreneurs.},
	keywords = {disruptive innovation, electric utilities, electric vehicles, high-power devices, mobile communication, power grids, power requirements, telecommunications},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/637},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/637},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {606,
	title = {Structuring User Involvement in Panel-Based Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {31-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A shift towards open innovation approaches with systematic user involvement has occurred within media and ICT. One of the emerging frameworks structuring these initiatives is the "living lab" approach. Despite the growing evidence of the beneficial nature of customer involvement in product development, research into specific user characteristics for innovation is still scarce, particularly in living labs, with the notable exception of literature on lead users. Especially within the context of living labs for ICT and media innovation, an application of the lead-user framework looks promising as a way to structure and facilitate user involvement. This article is based on the experiences of three Flemish living lab initiatives with a panel-based approach and provides a customer characteristics framework that guides user involvement in living labs.},
	keywords = {customer characteristics, living labs, Open innovation, user panels, user-driven innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/606},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/606},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {409,
	title = {Best Practices in Multi-Vendor Open Source Communities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Multi-vendor open source communities enable companies to lower development costs and gain access to wider addressable markets. This article describes best practices for companies considering this approach. First, the different types of open source business strategies are examined along the types of participants that contribute to the communities that support them. Next, five best practices are detailed to show how companies can maximize their engagement with open source communities. Finally, the importance of foundations in implementing multi-vendor open source communities is discussed. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/409},
	author = {Ian Skerrett}
}
@article {455,
	title = {Building an Infrastructure to Support Women Founders: Lead to Win for Women},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {07/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article describes a new program, Lead to Win for Women (LTW-W), created in Canada{\textquoteright}s Capital Region to dramatically increase the number of women-founded businesses and to help existing businesses grow substantially. This new program is based on the existing Lead to Win program (http://leadtowin.ca). LTW-W has four program elements. First, there is a session to help women foster ideas to launch and grow businesses. Second, there is an expert speaker series that encourages the development of practical knowledge for businesses. Third, there is a forum for owners of established firms. Fourth, there is an outreach program for college women to encourage them to start businesses.

In this article, we briefly describe some existing programs to support women founders in Canada and abroad. Next, we outline the founding principles of LTW-W and describe the program in detail. Finally, we conclude with a description of the program{\textquoteright}s next steps. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/455},
	author = {Janice Singer and Deborah Dexter}
}
@article {418,
	title = {Competition in the Mashup Ecosystem},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Mashups combine data from multiple sources to create innovative web applications. Data providers gain compelling advantages in offering an open application programming interface (API), but face a competitive environment where growth occurs by virtue of developers{\textquoteright} independent choices and where competitors are also complementors.

This article explores the nature of competition within the mashup ecosystem by focusing on competitive actions taken by API providers and their link to mashup network structure. The resulting insights help entrants and incumbents refine their competitive strategies within this complex and unique environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/418},
	author = {Amanda Shiga}
}
@article {422,
	title = {Editorial: Co-Creation (March 2011)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Co-Creation. The articles invited for publication in this special issue of the OSBR were originally presented last September at EBRF 2010, in Nokia, Finland. EBRF - the research forum to understand business in the knowledge society - is the oldest international peer-reviewed business research conference organized annually in Finland. The first EBRF conference was organized in Tampere, Finland in 2001. The grand theme of the 10th anniversary EBRF conference was "Co-Creation as a Way Forward".

For this issue of the OSBR, a preliminary subset of EBRF articles were selected by a specifically designed committee of scholars that was asked to nominate EBRF articles fitting the topic of the special issue and providing valuable insights to both scholars and practitioners. We invited the authors to create specialized versions of the papers that were previously published in the EBRF 2010 Conference Proceedings by focusing on the practical relevance of their research for an audience including not only scholars but also business and technology experts. After the submission of the OSBR versions, an additional peer review process was used to select seven articles offering diverse perspectives on co-creation.  
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/422},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Marko Sepp{\"a} and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {497,
	title = {Entrepreneurial Orientation and Company Performance: Can the Academic Literature Guide Managers?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {11/2011},
	pages = {20-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article comments on the management implications of the various approaches to measuring entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and it discusses the implications of a range of empirical findings for management decisions. On the whole, the argument is that academic research needs to increase its understanding of the differences in empirical results between different studies. To date, the research mostly spells a small number of useful warnings, for example that the positive impact of EO may level off or turn negative beyond a certain point and that it may not have the anticipated positive effect in all circumstances. However, the academic research has yet to identify these circumstances to a level of specificity that could provide useful guidance to managers. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/497},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/497},
	author = {R. Sandra Schillo}
}
@article {423,
	title = {The Future of Co-Creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to provide a brief summary of the key directions in value co-creation research that have emerged in the last 10 years. It points to several emerging streams in value co-creation research including: i) general management perspective; ii) new product development and innovation; iii) virtual customer environments; iv) service science and service-dominant logic (SDL) of marketing; and v) international markets and entrepreneurship, with a focus on the general management and innovation perspectives. In addition, the article points to another emerging new direction focusing on business co-creation. The development of business co-creation frameworks integrating the participatory role of both universities and vibrantly emerging business ecosystems represents a valuable alternative to traditional technology transfer and business administration approaches.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/423},
	author = {Marko Sepp{\"a} and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {424,
	title = {A Network-Centric Snapshot of Value Co-Creation in Finnish Innovation Financing},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we apply the concept of value co-creation to the analysis of linkages between organizations and their human and financial resources to observe the emergence of cooperative activities in a specific innovation system. Through visual network analysis of a federated and socially constructed dataset of organizations and their related actors, we show how co-creation occurs through financial linkages.

We use the ecosystem concept as a metaphoric reference to value co-creation with a network-centric mindset. Business financing linkages reveal convergence and co-creation in the innovation ecosystem, and network analysis is used to visualize the relationships between firms. Through the lens of relationship-based synergy, we provide a snapshot of innovation funding, which highlights the collaboration of venture capital and government agencies in co-creating the emerging Finnish innovation ecosystem.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/424},
	author = {Jukka Huhtam{\"a}ki and Martha G. Russell and Kaisa Still and Neil Rubens}
}
@article {413,
	title = {Nokia{\textquoteright}s Hybrid Business Model for Qt},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s challenging economy, startup companies are finding it more and more difficult to gain a foothold and traction in the market. Free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) allows a company to gain exposure to their products. However, few firms offer F/LOSS solutions alone. The vast majority combine proprietary and open source products while receiving revenues from both traditional license fees and open source offerings (Bonaccorsi and Giannangeli, 2006). This dual practice of offering F/LOSS as well as a commercial license is a hybrid business model.

In this article, we focus on the hybrid business model for Nokia{\textquoteright}s Qt product: how it is implemented, why it was implemented, and the extent to which the model has been effective. The Qt story illustrates how F/LOSS business models were developed during a period when participants were just beginning to understand how to make money with open source.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/413},
	author = {John Schreuders and Arthur Low and Kenneth Esprit and Nerva Joachim}
}
@article {443,
	title = {Proving the Expertise of Freelance Android Developers},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {05/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Android continues to grow in popularity as a mobile operating system. With this constant growth in popularity comes a demand for skilled, specialized platform and application developers rather than just generalists that are currently provided by outsourcing firms. This article describes a business opportunity where a collective of proven experts can be used to fulfill this need for specialized developers. A key aspect of the proposed solution is the provision of proven expertise by certifying and guaranteeing the level of specialization of developers in the collective.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/443},
	author = {Igor Sales and Aparna Shanker}
}
@article {428,
	title = {Quality-Based Co-Value in SaaS Business Relationships},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the past decade, the focus of information technology (IT) development has been on service-oriented architecture, especially the new service delivery model, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Accordingly, interest in quality management in the planning and operation of SaaS systems has increased tremendously. In practice, it is necessary to take into greater account the nature of service quality shared by both service provider and customer in the SaaS delivery.

This paper introduces a study on a theory that integrates the service quality and value co-creation (co-value) in the SaaS business relationships between service provider and customer. The theory is established, in part, based on the results of a survey of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) that shows a strong correspondence between the service quality required or desired by a client and the business relationship needed between SaaS clients and providers. We have used the theory as the foundation for an approach and tool for evaluating SaaS applications.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/428},
	author = {Xian Chen and Paul Sorenson}
}
@article {429,
	title = {Trusted to Lead: Trustworthiness and its Impact on Leadership},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article discusses trust in leadership, a major issue in current business management. Paradoxically, in the environment of continuous change that characterizes many organizations today, trust is needed more but is enacted less. Trust forms a foundation for functioning relationships and co-operation. Trust is intangible - it is an intellectual asset, a skill, and an influencing power for leaders. Leadership by trust emphasizes trustful behaviour towards employees. In this article, we suggest that, in trust formation, it is trustworthiness in leader behaviour that matters. Showing trustworthiness by competence, integrity, benevolence, and credibility makes a difference in daily leadership work. The importance of trust in leadership has been widely recognized in the literature and business practice.

This article focuses on how leaders enact on trust by showing trustworthiness to subordinates. The ways of building and sustaining trust and the effects of trustworthy and untrustworthy leader behaviour are examined. Two real life cases from industrial companies are presented and their implications are discussed. In conclusion, a leader{\textquoteright}s competence (ability) is one of the key dimensions in showing trustworthiness. As to untrustworthy behaviour, it is worth noting that building and sustaining trust is reciprocal in nature. A practical implication for leaders is that the development of an awareness of trustworthiness and skills for demonstrating it should be a top priority in the current business environment, which demands strong interaction, cooperation, and communication abilities.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/429},
	author = {Taina Savolainen and Sari H{\"a}kkinen}
}
@article {403,
	title = {Emerging Open Source Health Information Business Ecosystems in Resource-Poor Environments: the OpenMRS Experience},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {12/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {OpenMRS is a rapidly growing open source community that supports emerging healthcare environments around the world through the collaborative development of an open source medical record system platform. This article provides a brief history of the project, including how the humble beginnings of the collaborative have grown to unlock business opportunities for indigenous populations and also provide sustainable, scalable, locally supported health information infrastructures.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/403},
	author = {Dawn Smith}
}
@article {399,
	title = {Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {12/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Humanitarian free and open source software (HFOSS) represents the application of free and open source software (FOSS) to the coordination problems faced in the humanitarian and disaster-response domains. FOSS has found a natural home serving the humanitarian domain because of certain problem patterns that promote the use of an open source approach. HFOSS also integrates two volunteer-rich communities that have much in common: the humanitarian community and the open source community. HFOSS is not distinct from the free and open source approach, but is rather a specialization of its principles. This article explores and elaborates on that natural alignment by presenting the concepts of HFOSS and the ecosystem that sustains it.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/399},
	author = {Chamindra de Silva}
}
@article {335,
	title = {The Open Source Mobile Cloud: Delivering Next-Gen Mobile Apps and Systems},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cloud computing is gaining acceptance as an efficient and cost-effective architecture to deploy many types of systems. More recently, mobile cloud computing has entered the scene, as an important means to deliver mobile apps and data. This article discusses trends that are driving the adoption of the mobile cloud, important components of mobile cloud infrastructure, and the role of open source.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/335},
	author = {Hal Steger}
}
@article {326,
	title = {An Open Source Solution for Startups},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Can open source help startup companies reduce cost, save time, and improve their productivity? This article describes the experience of the startup Eseri which spent three years integrating the world{\textquoteright}s best open source software into a complete turn-key small to medium enterprise information technology solution. Eseri uses their own system to run the company. Having recently launched, they have targeted startups as their most important market segment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/326},
	author = {William Stewart}
}
@article {316,
	title = {Open Source User Assistance: Ensuring That Everybody Wins},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article describes the importance of user assistance to the success of open source projects and offers some suggestions on fostering community contributions to open source user assistance. The term "user assistance" encompasses all the ways that users get help in figuring out how to use a product, spanning the traditional categories of both documentation and support. User assistance provides opportunities for participation by community members who are not software developers. This in turn relieves the burden on developers for filling these roles while broadening the community. Projects should support the differing motivations of members in these roles while providing leadership and direction, removing barriers to contribution, and engaging in concerted efforts. Licensing for open source documentation should likewise be open, to support user freedom and foster community collaboration. Leaders in open source user assistance need to share ideas across projects in order to improve their offerings.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/316},
	author = {Janet Swisher}
}
@article {342,
	title = {Private Clouds: Reality or Fog?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Product marketers love a bandwagon, and no bandwagons have been more appealing in the past ten years of information technology as the Service Oriented Architecture and Cloud Computing ones. Much of the challenge of marketing products is getting the attention of the target customer in order to create an opportunity to pitch products or services to them. Of course, if it doesn{\textquoteright}t work with one bandwagon, as the old adage goes, try, try again. This is why we often see the same products marketed with different labels and categories applied to them. Product vendors will insist that they have developed some new add-on or tweaked a user interface to include the new concept, but at the very core, the products remain fundamentally unchanged.

It is particularly frustrating when product marketing gets in the way of implementing what otherwise would be a valuable concept. Competing vendor, consultant, and individual implementer messages on what a specific term means interferes with realizing real value. This is especially the case with the emerging concept of private clouds. While the term could potentially have real meaning and lasting value, the product and consulting marketers have turned any potential meaning into mush that hides that value.

Cloud computing is primarily loosely-coupled, location-independent virtualized services run on abstracted infrastructure with the primary intent of reducing IT expenditures, increasing flexibility, or improving overall system robustness. Given that this is the general cloud concept, is there any value in a new concept called "private clouds?" How does the addition of the word private add value to the service-oriented cloud computing that has been discussed for a handful of years? Is it a valuable term, or mere marketing spin? This article first examines the range of definitions being applied to the private cloud concept, then offers a summary on the value provided by private clouds.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/342},
	author = {Ronald Schmelzer}
}
@article {420,
	title = {Q\&A. How is social network analysis used in studies of open source?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social network analysis (SNA) can be used to study online communities, including free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) developer teams. SNA techniques provide insight into these communities and enable researchers to make predictions based on these insights. They can be used to model the nature and patterns of interactions that can be used as a predictor of group behaviour, trust, knowledge generation, and information diffusion (Crowston et al., 2010). SNA can also be used make predictions about other kinds of networks other than pure social networks, such as networks based on relationships between code artifacts.

In this article, we answer the question of how SNA has been used to study open source. We begin by describing social networks and how they can be deconstructed to examine the relationships between entities within them. Next, we discuss social networks within F/LOSS communities and describe how SNA gives insights into the various actors and groups acting within networks. Finally, we provide an overview of common SNA measures used to study open source, including examples of how they have been used to provide insights about F/LOSS communities. },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/420},
	author = {Chulaka Ailapperuma and Senthilkumar Mukunda and Shruti Satsangi}
}
@article {219,
	title = {Collaborative Software Development in the Enterprise},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source has been many things to many people. In most cases, open source software  has focused on the tools and the infrastructure software used to build and deploy applications. Relative to infrastructure, little use or investment has occurred in the development of industry specific or vertical oriented open source solutions. This is not only a missed opportunity for organizations, but it is also possibly the next wave of open source collaborations.

An important lesson of OSS is a development process that requires collaboration between individuals and organizations that isn{\textquoteright}t necessarily driven by a traditional hierarchy of command and control. Information technology departments are driven to be more efficient while simultaneously creating innovative new solutions to meet their business needs. More and more, companies are turning to external sources for ideas that drive innovation. A series of books by Henry Chesbrough has coined the term "innovation networks" to discuss research and development departments that treat their research and development systems as an open system. They describe how to include partners, customers and even competitors as part of an extended research and development team.

However, that series does not answer the question "can OSS can be used to establish innovation networks for IT departments?". Further, what steps are required to establish a successful software innovation network and what are the resulting benefits for organizations? For the most part, this article will draw upon the experiences of Eclipse open source projects. These projects often include competing independent software vendors that collaborate on building a common platform for developer tools integration.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/219},
	author = {Ian Skerrett}
}
@article {283,
	title = {Editorial: Business Intelligence (September 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {For the past decade, traditional proprietary tools from Cognos, Business Objects, Microstrategy, Hyperion, Oracle and Informatica have dominated BI environments throughout North America and Europe. The larger the customer it seemed, the bigger their appetite for spending money on proprietary BI tools. BI vendors have made billions selling software to larger clients throughout North America, much of it in the form of multi-million dollar site licenses. Large customers continue to pay huge perpetual annual maintenance fees, usually 20+ \% of the initial license cost. Costs for additional users and new features requiring additional license fees can quickly add up to 40\% - 50\% of the annual BI budget. This has caused many organizations to scrutinize and question the value of their ongoing BI software expenditures.

In these challenging financial times, cost conscience CIOs and Directors around the world are looking for ways to reduce the ongoing costs of administering their BI program, and a large number of them are turning to open source BI tools.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/283},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Sam Selim}
}
@article {218,
	title = {Editorial: Enterprise Participation (January 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In  The Role of Participation Architecture in Growing Sponsored Open Source Communities, Joel West and Siobhan O{\textquoteright}Mahony argue that "to some extent, firms and technical communities have always collaborated to create standards, shared infrastructure, and innovation outcomes that are bigger than any one firm can achieve." and that "there is increasing evidence that path breaking innovations cannot occur without a community to interpret, support, extend and diffuse them". When considered in this light, it should not be surprising that more enterprises, both large and small, are increasing their participation in open source communities to drive innovation.

The theme for this month{\textquoteright}s issue of the OSBR is enterprise participation and the authors provide practical advice for effective enterprise/community collaboration. Their experiences provide perspectives on: i) the Eclipse Foundation, which maintains an ecosystem of over 150 enterprises that participate in Eclipse open source projects; ii) an independent software vendor that sells closed source solutions constructed on top of an open source platform to large enterprise customers; iii) the impact of major players collaborating on a common open source platform for the mobile industry; iv) the role users can play in the very large (over 14 million) GNOME community; and v) the lessons a scientist from the National Research Council of Canada learned when he released software and started a small open source community.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/218},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Donald Smith}
}
@article {288,
	title = {Open Source BI Reporting Tool Review},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The main purpose of a business intelligence (BI) system is to provide access to information for decision makers. Reporting tools help to create, administer and distribute reports. Reports can be classified into three categories: i) standard reports containing information in table form; ii) cubes which are online analytical processing reports designed to analyze multidimensional data; and iii) dashboards which provide an overview of selected reports and key performance indicators. Each of these report types are often supplemented by graphical representations of the data.

There are many different reporting solutions available in the open source market. In this article, we compare four open source reporting solutions. They give a good insight of the current state of the market and are among the the most popular solutions in use today. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/288},
	author = {Benjamin Dietz and Lily Singh}
}
@article {291,
	title = {Q\&A. What will Oracle do with Sun{\textquoteright}s open source offerings?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Sam Selim answers the question  "What will Oracle do with Sun?s open source offerings?"},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/291},
	author = {Sam Selim}
}
@article {310,
	title = {A Social Vision for Value Co-creation in Design},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Cluetrain Manifesto was introduced in 1999, calling for a powerful global conversation between companies and the people they serve. Since then, the conversation has started and is finally gaining momentum. Co-creation is the buzzword of the day to describe the various types of conversations that are taking place. But the conversation has multiple perspectives. It can be applied to multiple domains ranging from sales tactics and branding contests to strategic, human-centered means of affecting social transformation.

In this article we try to articulate a vision for value co-creation by focusing on its social aspects. It is our hope that such social vision will contribute to existing perspectives so that future conversations can take place in a more productive way. The suggested framework organizes the seemingly disparate applications, comparing the mindset, goals and results of three types of value co-creation: monetary, use/experience and social. Although these three types of value co-creation are all relevant, we believe that the social type of value provides a real opportunity for significant social change. However, the rules of engagement for this type of co-creation are particularly challenging. Participation must be face-to-face to allow for real-time interaction to take place. Empathy for the people who will be affected by change is key. Visualization of the collective assets is essential. And having the appropriate mindset about co-creation is the single most important component for success.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/310},
	author = {Liz Sanders and George Simons}
}
@article {253,
	title = {Use of Moodle for Single Entry Portal at Riga Technical University},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article discusses the reasons for the decision of Riga Technical University (RTU) in Latvia to choose an open source product as the application to create ORTUS. ORTUS is an acronym for Open Riga Technical University Services and provides the single point of entry into electronic services for the University.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/253},
	author = {Tom Schmit and Zigmunds Zitmanis}
}
@article {195,
	title = {Community Building: NetBSD in Hindsight},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The NetBSD Project is one of the oldest modern open source software projects. It provides an operating system that runs on over 50 hardware architectures (also called ports), including the IBM PC, Motorola PowerPC, and Sun UltraSPARC machines. Founded in May of 1993, the project has supported the operating system{\textquoteright}s active development and managed contributions from thousands of individuals.

Prior to the New York City BSD Users Group Conference held in October, 2008, NetBSD developers from across the globe held a face to face meeting for planning and problem solving. Four developers from Sweden, Canada, the US, and Slovakia took a few minutes to think about how the NetBSD community has evolved over the past fifteen years. This article summarizes those perspectives and provides insight into how an open source community maintains development momentum while managing contributions from a large number of volunteers with varying skill levels from across the globe.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/195},
	author = {David Maxwell and Lubomir Sedlacik}
}
@article {146,
	title = {Method for Qualification and Selection of Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {For a company, the choice to opt for software as a component of its information system, whether this software is open source or commercial, rests on the analysis of needs and constraints and on the adequacy of the software to address these needs and constraints. However, when one plans to study the adequacy of open source software (OSS), it is necessary to have a method of qualification and selection adapted to the characteristics of this type of software and to precisely examine the constraints and risks specific to OSS. Since the open source field has a very broad scope, it is also necessary to use a qualification method that differentiates between numerous candidates to meet technical, functional and strategic requirements.

This document describes the QSOS (Qualification and Selection of software Open Source) method, conceived by the technology services company Atos Origin SA to qualify, select and compare OSS in an objective, traceable and argued way. The method can be integrated within a more general process of technological watch which is not presented here. It describes a process to set up identity cards and evaluation sheets for OSS.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/146},
	author = {Rapha{\"e}l Semeteys}
}
@article {211,
	title = {Omeka: Open Source Web Publishing for Research, Collections and Exhibitions},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Well into the second decade of the web, many collecting institutions and aspiring digital humanists still find it difficult to mount online exhibitions and publish collections-based research because they lack either technical skills or sufficient funding to pay high priced web design vendors. The digital libraries and archives fields have produced high quality repository and collections management software, but these packages carry too much technical overhead and pay too little attention to web presentation and end user interface for most digital humanities projects. Commercial blog packages have made it easy for digital humanists to publish materials to the web, but the blog{\textquoteright}s structure of serial text posts does not allow them to present deep collections or complex narratives.

That is why the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society, has created Omeka. From the Swahili word meaning "to display" or "to lay out for discussion," Omeka is a next generation web publishing platform for academic work of all kinds, one that bridges the university, library, and museum worlds through--and by helping to advance--a set of commonly recognized web and metadata standards. Omeka is free and open source. It offers low installation and maintenance costs--appealing to individual scholars and smaller cultural heritage projects and institutions that lack technical staffs and large budgets. It is standards based, extensible, and interoperable--insuring compliance with accessibility guidelines and integration with existing digital collections systems to help digital humanists of all stripes design online exhibitions more efficiently. Omeka brings Web 2.0 technologies and approaches to digital humanities websites, fostering the kind of user interaction and participation that are central to the mission of digital humanities, and providing the contribution mechanisms, tagging facilities, and social networking tools that audiences are coming to expect. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/211},
	author = {Tom Scheinfeldt}
}
@article {207,
	title = {Open Source and Open Standards: Working Together for Effective Software Development and Distribution},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many open source projects implement open standards. We interviewed five developers who implemented different open standards in open source projects to find out how much interplay there was between implementors and standards developers and how important this communication was as they programmed the details of the specifications. Our somewhat unexpected finding was that developers preferred to work from the printed specification, separate from the standards source. When asked for a reason, most reported that resource constraints prevented them from writing code and specifications at the same time; another factor was the satisfaction that comes from working independently. Most of the developers we spoke to were more than halfway through their development before they even considered reporting specification problems to the source organization. Although this speaks well for the overall quality of computer industry specifications, it also means that feedback from open source developers is not getting back to the specification{\textquoteright}s authors.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/207},
	author = {Jon Siegel and Richard Mark Soley}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Open Source e-Procurement Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While every business needs to track the purchase of goods and services, many small and midsize businesses  have been discouraged from using centralized software solutions due to high up-front licensing fees, expensive implementations, and the level of organizational training necessary to get the full value out of an enterprise-class procurement solution. This article provides an overview of the benefits provided by e-procurement solutions, then introduces the first open source e-procurement software and the business model for the company behind the open source project.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/129},
	author = {Dave Stephens}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Open Source Interoperability: It{\textquoteright}s More than Technology},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Open Solutions Alliance is a consortium of leading commercial open source vendors, integrators and end users dedicated to the growth of open source based solutions in the enterprise. We believe Linux and other infrastructure software, such as Apache, has become mainstream, and packaged solutions represent the next great growth opportunity. However some unique challenges can temper that opportunity. These challenges include getting the word out about the maturity and enterprise-readiness of those solutions, ensuring interoperability both with each other and with other proprietary and legacy solutions, and ensuring healthy collaboration between vendors and their respective customer and developer communities.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/112},
	author = {Dominic Sartorio}
}
@article {183,
	title = {Open Sourcing Social Change: Inside the Constellation Model},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The constellation model was developed by and for the Canadian Partnership for Children{\textquoteright}s Health and the Environment. The model offers an innovative approach to organizing collaborative efforts in the social mission sector and shares various elements of the open source model. It emphasizes self-organizing and concrete action within a network of partner organizations working on a common issue.

Constellations are self-organizing action teams that operate within the broader strategic vision of a partnership. These constellations are outwardly focused, placing their attention on creating value for those in the external environment rather than on the partnership itself. While serious effort is invested into core partnership governance and management, most of the energy is devoted to the decision making, resources and collaborative effort required to create social value. The constellations drive and define the partnership.

The constellation model emerged from a deep understanding of the power of networks and peer production. Leadership rotates fluidly amongst partners, with each partner having the freedom to head up a constellation and to participate in constellations that carry out activities that are of more peripheral interest. The Internet provided the platform, the partner network enabled the expertise to align itself, and the goal of reducing chemical exposure in children kept the energy flowing.

Building on seven years of experience, this article provides an overview of the constellation model, discusses the results from the CPCHE, and identifies similarities and differences between the constellation and open source models.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/183},
	author = {Tonya Surman and Mark Surman}
}
@article {132,
	title = {Q\&A. Does the Google Summer of Code project provide any value to open source projects and the students who participate?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Google recently announced their fourth Summer of Code. Does the Summer of Code project provide any value to open source projects and the students who participate?},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/132},
	author = {Murray Stokely}
}
@article {198,
	title = {Reducing Global Poverty and Disease with Community and Technology: An Open Source Perspective},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Literacy Bridge, a non-profit technology startup, is using open source software (OSS), open hardware, and open content to solve some of the world{\textquoteright}s most challenging problems: global poverty and disease. Through the development and application of a digital audio device, Literacy Bridge{\textquoteright}s Talking Book Project is designed to make access to information available and affordable to those who have the fewest resources but the greatest need. 

This article summarizes the Talking Book Project and describes how six aspects of successful open source projects are being applied to improve global literacy and access to information. Most importantly, this project demonstrates the power of combining community and appropriate technology to change the world.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/198},
	author = {Cliff Schmidt}
}
@article {160,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: Building Technical Communities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On June 4, 2008, Ian Skerrett from the Eclipse Foundation delivered a presentation entitled " Building Technical Communities". This section provides the key messages from Ian{\textquoteright}s lecture. Ian used his observations of working in the Eclipse community to explain why community building is important, its critical elements, and how the traditional roles within an organization relate.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/160},
	author = {Ian Skerrett}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Eclipse: A Premier Open Source Community},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Donald Smith and Mike Milinkovich examine the factors that grew the Eclipse community into a thriving ecosystem.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/94},
	author = {Donald Smith and Mike Milinkovich}
}
@article {106,
	title = {Key Changes to the GNU General Public License},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On June 29, 2007, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) issued the GNU General Public License Version 3. The issuance of GPLv3 marked the end of a remarkable public consultation process aimed at revamping the license to address issues that the FSF considers to be a threat to the Free Software movement, and to clarify issues that have been misunderstood or debated since the publications of GPL Version 2 (GPLv2). 

This article introduces the rationale for changing the GPL and introduces the changes that affect patents, Digital Rights Management (DRM), license compatibility, and the linking issue.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/106},
	author = {Eric Smith}
}
@article {55,
	title = {Special Considerations for Financial Services Firms},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Infrastructure Open Source Software (OSS), including middleware, database packages, and the Linux operating system, is increasingly being deployed by financial institutions. Many OSS packages are selected and incorporated directly into custom applications by developers, thus bypassing traditional purchasing channels and their attendant legal, standards, and technical review processes. Because of this, Information Technology (IT) management is often unaware of the OSS running in their data centers, and sometimes support and maintenance measures are not in place for OSS running in production applications. 

With the advent of regulatory structures such as the Basel II accords, the reliability of computing systems is increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny. Not having adequate support and maintenance measures in place creates a significant compliance risk for financial institutions. This article describes these risks and outlines best practices for an anti-failure program that brings systems depending on OSS packages into compliance while reducing overall operational risk. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/55},
	author = {Sourcelabs}
}
