@article {1480,
	title = {Can Blockchain Improve Healthcare Management?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010203},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The paper sets out to examine the relevance of blockchain technology for healthcare management in general, and specifically for consumer medical electronics and connected portable devices. After considering the pivotal role of electronic health records in the first part of the paper, we then analyze the holistic transformative role of blockchain for healthcare data management, illustrated by a set of emerging use cases. Following that, we address the fast-growing segment of consumer medical electronics and the Internet of Medical Things. Finally, we highlight the digital community-building role of public private partnerships for emerging healthcare strategy design.},
	keywords = {Blockchain Technology, Electronic Health Records, healthcare, Internet of Things},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1480},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1480},
	author = {Marc Pilkington}
}
@article {1474,
	title = {Antecedents, Decisions, and Outcomes of a Sharing Economy: A Systematic Literature Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {59-71},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {59},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides a comprehensive framework-based review of literature on "Sharing Economy" (SE) using an ADO (antecedents, decisions, and outcomes) framework. Based on extensive coverage of studies published over a period of 12 years between 2008 and 2020, we reviewed extant research on this phenomenon from both, more developed and emerging countries. Using PRISMA methodology inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 93 articles for the review. The motivation to undertake this research was to understand emerging consumer behavior that intends to collaborate for consumption with the help of technological innovation. We identified major theoretical frameworks developed for investigating SEs and collaborative consumption behavior. The findings of the paper reveal possible antecedents, decisions, and outcomes of SEs. Many areas in the SE domain remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and for this the paper provides directions for future research.},
	keywords = {access-based economy, antecedents and motivators, collaborative consumption, decisions, determinants, gig economy, outcomes, sharing economy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1474},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1474},
	author = {Shweta Shirolkar and Kanchan Patil}
}
@article {1471,
	title = {Can Artificial Intelligence be a Critical Success Factor of Construction Projects? Practitioner perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {17-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The construction sector has not been altogether successful in adopting automated systems. Related research on artificial intelligence has mainly been confined to the development of software models for a specific subset of construction work. This study aims to identify whether artificial intelligence is a potential critical success factor for construction project success. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The interviewees were selected on the basis of convenience and included highly experienced project managers from the global community with expertise in project management working on large construction projects. Our research shows that senior project managers perceive artificial intelligence as different from information technology and advanced project management software. Major drawbacks of artificial intelligence were found to be (i) lack of soft skills, (ii) lack of intelligence to interpret things in various ways like human beings, and (iii) lack of human relationship capabilities, including the ways people manage projects. The interviewees believe that artificial intelligence is still years away from becoming self-aware. This study improves the understanding of artificial intelligence as a success factor for construction projects and provides future directions for research in this field.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, Construction Projects, Critical Success Factors, Project Success},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1471},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1471},
	author = {Virender Kumar and Amrendra Pandey and Rahul Singh}
}
@article {1419,
	title = {Cloud-Based Approach for Tracking and Monitoring of Hay Bales in Smart Agriculture},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {17-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The introduction of new technology to agriculture has resulted in enormous amounts of data and their handling and utilization challenge. Data is typically gathered from several sources such as field sensors, machines, industrial processes, different laboratories and officials. This has led to several complicated systems that are not always compatible. Farmers are confused, unaware, and face challenges in seeing the benefits for their business in relation to the time required. This paper introduces an automatic digital tracking and monitoring system for round feed bales on farms. In this system, bale data from sensors, switches, and a GPS-device in the baling machine are collected by hardware and sent to the cloud with the bale ID read from a RFID tag attached to each bale. A digital inventory of bales forms instantly, and baling can be followed on the map application with a mobile device. Data in the cloud is utilized for the farmer{\textquoteright}s user interface. The farmer can manage and do various operations with bales. An important outcome is the yield report, showing basic statistics, quantities, and qualities of bales in a digitalized field parcel. If the farmer wants to sell bales, this can easily be done with the tool. It makes sales by connecting the farmer to an e-commerce portal. A key question and challenge to be resolved involves who owns the data. All the benefits of digitalization can be achieved only with good cooperation and mutual agreement from farmers who want to have control of their data under all circumstances.},
	keywords = {bale inventory, bale trade, big data, precision farming, RFID, round bales, silage, Smart farming},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1419},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1419},
	author = {Ilpo P{\"o}l{\"o}nen and Antti Suokannas and Antti Juntunen}
}
@article {1470,
	title = {Coping with the Double-Edged Sword of Data Sharing in Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Researchers and practitioners agree upon the huge potential of Big Data Analytics (BDA) for firms{\textquoteright} competitive advantage. Capitalizing on Big Data (BD) often requires sharing firms{\textquoteright} data with their stakeholders in an ecosystem. Sharing data, however, is a double-edged sword, because firms might also risk losing their competitive advantage by doing so. This conceptual paper uses extant literature on data analytics to introduce a comprehensive data sharing strategy framework that helps firms decide which data can be shared in an ecosystem, which should be kept secret, or if additional rules and regulations are required for sharing the data. The framework combines two distinct categorizations of data, and it relates the data categories to firms{\textquoteright} strategic competitive advantage by employing the Resource-Based View (RBV). Firstly, the framework is grounded in the stages of the data analytics process and secondly, it distinguishes between operative, strategic and monetizable data, a new categorization introduced by this paper. Depending on the categories of data a company intends to share, the framework recommends five distinct data sharing strategies that help mitigating the risk of losing their competitive advantage.},
	keywords = {Big Data Analytics Capabilities, competitive advantage, data sharing, ecosystem, Resource-Based View},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1470},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1470},
	author = {Petra Kugler and Thomas Plank}
}
@article {1432,
	title = {Interview: Discussing Value Proposition Research in the Context of New Companies Committed to Scaling Early and Rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {6-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business ecosystems, implicitly vs. explicitly formulated value propositions, new scaling companies, value proposition, value proposition alignment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1432},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1432},
	author = {Adrian Payne and Pennie Frow and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1435,
	title = {Value Proposition Misalignment and the Failure to Become a Born-Global Company},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {38-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {38},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This inductive study explores factors by which some new and innovative firms try yet fail to achieve born-global status. Born-global studies have a survivorship bias, with errors of omission that paint a favourable picture of how innovative and well-funded new ventures internationalise. In this paper, we counter such biases by focussing on innovative ventures that expressed intentions to become born global but failed to do so. Our findings reveal that these new ventures fail in two ways. Either they underestimate the need to tailor a portfolio of value propositions and over-extend their efforts across too many markets, a pattern called "baby born-global". Or they over-commit to one market at a time, thus limiting their capacity to develop value propositions in similar markets, a pattern called "micro multinational".},
	keywords = {Born-global, failure, internationalisation, premature scaling, value propositions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1435},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1435},
	author = {Roshana Prabaharan and Martin Bliemel and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1325,
	title = {Blockchain-enabled Clinical Study Consent Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Written informed consent (WIC) is required in the context of voluntary participation in a clinical trial. The trial participant gives WIC in accordance with various regulatory requirements. We present a framework concept for a blockchain-based distributed ledger solution, which aims at implementing simple and secure management of WIC documentation, along the entire data value chain from acquiring consent to academic publication, and (commercially) exploiting the results of a clinical study. This may include (but is not limited to) clinical deployment, security monitoring, and conformity with data privacy and ethical standards. Thus, we present a potential {\textquotedblleft}Health AI{\textquotedblright} application that goes beyond WIC documentation, to enabling the creation of a holistic data provenance trail graph. Such a framework concept aims to create sustainable value for study participants, clinicians, data scientists, and ultimately consumers. The framework{\textquoteright}s usefulness is relevant for ensuring the ethical development of artificial intelligence applications in the healthcare domain.},
	keywords = {AI Ethics., blockchain, Clinical Study, Health Artificial Intelligence (AI), Platform Business Model, Written Informed Consent},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1325},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1325},
	author = {Hans H. Jung and Franz M.J. Pfister}
}
@article {1331,
	title = {Editorial: Rapid Product Development and R\&D (March 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1331},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1331},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu and Charles Camarda and Antti Perttula}
}
@article {1334,
	title = {Enabling Rapid Product Development through Improved Verification and Validation Processes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {25-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {25},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Fierce competition in consumer electronics market has raised a lot of challenges for product development. Products now must enter to the market as fast as possible. The verification and validation (V\&V) process is normally the most resource-demanding activity in product development (PD), and thus also has huge potential for improvement. The V\&V process is traditionally executed near the end of the development process, and is one of the most critical activities because it identifies design errors. Error correction for a nearly complete product is often difficult and therefore can cause unexpected delays in product delivery. Performing V\&V activities in early phases of the PD process and utilising V\&V methods other than testing has proven to be a good approach to reduce risks associated with taking a long time to reach the market. However, V\&V can only be carried out when verifiable requirements exist. This paper focuses on the importance of moving V\&V activities to each phase of PD by defining the requirements for components and modules. In addition, we explore how some of product-level requirements can be verified before a product has been integrated, and explain the difference between definitions of verification and validation requirements. Finally, we present the idea of changing the focus of verification activities from being set-based in the early phase of development, to being point-based when the product is close to completion.},
	keywords = {agile, requirements, set-based design, validation, Verification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1334},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1334},
	author = {Antti Perttula and Joni Kukkam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {1401,
	title = {How to Digitally Enhance Bioeconomy Collaboration: Multidisciplinary Research Team Ideation for Technology Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {31-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {31},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this paper we examine the potential of digital platforms for managing multidisciplinary collaboration and particularly the ideation processes of multidisciplinary research and development in the case of technology-supported vertical farming. The article draws on research data from semi-structured interviews and a collaborative workshop that was conducted with researchers representing biological, digital, and technological domains. The results of this research indicate that digital platforms may offer impactful, process-accelerating support during the kick-off phase of multidisciplinary technological innovations. A digital platform can support ideation and the prioritisation of ideas and can be especially fruitful when paired with face to face discussion and non-digital interaction.},
	keywords = {digitally enhanced teamwork, ideation, Multidisciplinarity, sustainability, technological innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1401},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1401},
	author = {Essi Ryymin and Laura Lamberg and Annukka Pakarinen}
}
@article {1328,
	title = {Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis for New Technologies: An approach for collaborative R\&D projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {37-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {37},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In order to effectively shape the impact of an innovation on sustainability, the early phases of the innovation process are crucial. This is especially true for complex collaborative R\&D projects with multiple partners. We have found that there is an increasing need for simple methods that enable partners in such R\&D projects to guide them towards sustainability-oriented innovations (SOI). In response, we have developed a methodology called Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis (IISA). It is based on the early involvement of stakeholders, along with a sustainability assessment of the planned innovation to provide feedback loops into technology development. The overall goal of the method is to improve the potential impact on sustainability in the three dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. The IISA method and its application in two collaborative R\&D projects with several research and industry partners that serve as practical examples, is presented and discussed in this paper.},
	keywords = {Innovation and sustainability analysis; R\&D collaborations; sustainability-oriented innovation; stakeholder dialogue; stakeholder integration.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1328},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1328},
	author = {Johannes Gasde and Philipp Preiss and Claus Lang-Koetz}
}
@article {1353,
	title = {More for Less? Sharing Economy as a Driver of Public Welfare Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {19-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates sharing economy as a path to welfare innovation. It is based on a case where a digital platform is activated in order to support sharing among citizens with lung disease, and thereby increase health and well-being. The case exemplifies how sharing economy currently is taken up by public actors in the attempt to prolong the goals of the public sector beyond itself. This implies drawing everyday sharing practices into a new middle between formal organization and private relations. In a critical response to literature on sharing economy that tends to reduce "sharing" to "transaction", the article draws attention to how sharing entangles with hopes, fears, and affectual engagements of everyday life, and to how it interacts with technology in unforeseen ways and beyond anticipated outcomes. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that there may be good reasons for public welfare authorities to engage in facilitating sharing among citizens. This is not because it is likely to provide "more for less" in relation to predetermined goals, but rather because it can open up other kinds of welfare outcomes that cannot be produced by public organizations themselves.},
	keywords = {innovation, public sector, sharing economy, technology, welfare state},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1353},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1353},
	author = {Eva Pallesen and Marie Aakj{\ae}r}
}
@article {1320,
	title = {Multi-Actor Network Perspective: CaliBaja an emergent binational innovation ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To contribute to the field of management of technology and innovation, this paper focuses on a multi-actor network perspective to map stakeholders and identifies key actors in CaliBaja{\textquoteright}s binational innovation ecosystem. This region has a unique territorial extension and population dynamics. It is a land of opportunity for global businesses, houses world-class colleges, universities and applied research institutes, and has been recently acknowledged as a global innovative mega-region. We apply social network analysis to this region as an innovative and valuable methodology to identify significant local contributors, defined as according to key elements and success factors that promote and establish communication and interaction among the network stakeholders. },
	keywords = {innovation ecosystems, Networks Analysis, regional development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1320},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1320},
	author = {Sylvia M{\'o}nica P{\'e}rez-N{\'u}{\~n}ez and Arturo Serrano-Santoyo}
}
@article {1366,
	title = {Is Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces Framework Still Relevant? A study of the capital/labour intensity continuum via mining and IT industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {28-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {28},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces (P5F) framework, published in 1979, helps us to understand the attractiveness of an industry. The five competitive forces are: the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products of services, and the rivalry among existing competitors. This framework has recently come under scrutiny and been called into question. To contribute to the debate, this paper investigates the relevance of Porter{\textquoteright}s framework by contrasting vastly different industries. The use cases consist of a resource-based, capital-intensive industry, the mining industry, and a knowledge-based, labor-intensive industry, the information technology industry. Drawing from research on Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces framework, and through an internationalization lens, the paper proposes a modified framework augmented with four additional forces. These additional forces are: the competitor{\textquoteright}s level of innovativeness, exposure to globalization, threat of digitalization, and industry exposure to de/regulation activities. These forces were added to capture the increased interconnectivity and complexity of businesses operating in the 21st century. The paper contributes to this body of knowledge by augmenting a popular framework and applying it to vital industrial sectors. The findings aim to incite researchers, managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers to go beyond the traditional five forces as a way to help monitor their business environment and enhance decision-making processes, particularly in a post-COVID-19 world.},
	keywords = {internationalization, IT industry, mining industry, Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces framework, regulation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1366},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1366},
	author = {Diane Isabelle and Kevin Horak and Sarah McKinnon and Chiara Palumbo}
}
@article {1332,
	title = {Rapid Learning and Knowledge-Gap Closure During the Conceptual Design Phase {\textendash} Rapid R\&D},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New product development strategies, such as set-based concurrent engineering design (SBCED) or set-based design (SBD), have demonstrated improved ways to address knowledge gaps in alternate design concepts prior to the decision to select a single concept for development. Most of the corpus in this field addresses engineering product development that relies on systems and subsystems with years of prior experience in testing, development, and operation. These often have known or existing solutions, and use state-of-the-art (SOA), or near SOA technology. In addition, most papers do not dive into the details of how knowledge was attained to rapidly close critical knowledge gaps. This paper attempts to explain how a research-based method to construct knowledge can accelerate the knowledge capture critical for developing solutions to extremely challenging problems. This rapid R\&D methodology enables a rapid acquisition of critical knowledge to understand potential failure modes of concepts in a set-based way. Thus, it enables intelligent decisions for the selection of the final concept as well as the continuous maturation of parallel concepts. The continuous, parallel maturation of multiple concepts enables effective off-ramps in the design process as requirements and new knowledge arise in the course of the development program, without incurring excessive rework, cost growth, and schedule creep. The goal of this paper is to describe a method that accelerates the generation of critical knowledge early in the conceptual design phase, as a way to close knowledge gaps quickly, and thus enable intelligent design decisions and concept selections early in the product development cycle. The methodological descriptions are illustrated with case examples from NASA technology development.},
	keywords = {knowledge gaps, R\&D, Rapid product development, set-based design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1332},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1332},
	author = {Charles J. Camarda and Stephen J. Scotti and Iivari Kunttu and Antti Perttula}
}
@article {1336,
	title = {Rapid Product Development in University-Industry Collaboration: Case Study of a Smart Design Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {49-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {49},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {University-industry collaboration aims at mutually beneficial knowledge and technology exchange between higher education and business. Prototyping new products is one sweet spot where industry can gain new valuable knowledge and understanding of technology, while higher education institutions develop the skills and competences of students by encouraging them to work on authentic real-life problems. From the \&ldquo;design thinking\&rdquo; perspective, rapid product development can be defined as the creation of new products, in the shortest timescales possible, that meet the criteria of desirability, feasibility, and viability. This article addresses rapid product development by presenting a case study of developing prototypes in university-industry collaboration. As a result, the study highlights key design principles, such as the importance of involving teachers, business representatives, and students in collaborative project design, of focusing on the customers or service users who will benefit from the design, and of guiding students participating in co-creation activities. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the industry, the article contributes to design thinking and rapid product development in university-industry collaboration.},
	keywords = {co-creation, Co-creation pedagogy, design thinking, Rapid product development, University-Industry Collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1336},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1336},
	author = {Jari Jussila and Jukka Raitanen and Atte Partanen and Vesa Tuomela and Ville Siipola and Irma Kunnari}
}
@article {1313,
	title = {Selling Data-Based Value in Business-to-Business Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {45-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to study what aspects a sales function needs to consider when selling new data-based value in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper combines literature on the business-to-business sales process with data-based value. The study includes altogether 29 qualitative interviews from eight companies, representing seller companies at different stages in big data utilization. In addition, the study includes customer perspectives with six interviews from four customer companies. As a result, selling new data-based value is studied from several perspectives. First, we evaluate the impacts of the generated new data-based value from the seller and the market perspective. Secondly, we study what sales representatives need to understand, both from the customer{\textquoteright}s perspective, and in relation to data and digital solutions during the sales process. Thirdly, on the customer side, we explore the roles of {\textquotedblleft}digitalist{\textquotedblright} and old-school buyers, and their effect on the sales process. Our research findings highlight the crucial understanding of customer business and knowledge about real-time data management, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI) when selling data-based solutions that create real-time data, recommendations, and value for a customer{\textquoteright}s business.},
	keywords = {B2B sales, big data, business-to-business sales, data-based value, digital solutions, value sales},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1313},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1313},
	author = {Tuija Rantala and Tiina Apilo and Katariina Palom{\"a}ki and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1395,
	title = {Sustainability-related Communication Patterns on the Websites of European Top R\&D Spenders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many firms struggle to incorporate "sustainability" into their operations in a way that can capture economic value and deliver social and environmental benefits. This article aims to answer two questions in this regard: (i) How do companies articulate the sustainability aspects of their businesses online, and (ii) In what ways does the degree of articulation of specific sustainability aspects relate to company performance metrics, such as sales and R\&D expenditure. The research method measures the occurrences of a set of sustainability-related keywords on the websites of a sample of 387 firms that were ranked as top R\&D spenders in Europe for 2013. We processed the keyword occurrences in a simplified version of latent semantic analysis based on the application of principal component analysis to identify the specific combinations of words used by companies to communicate sustainability issues on their websites. The results show that "sustainable innovation" and "sustainable operations" based on partnerships and cooperation represent a dominant part of companies{\textquoteright} online communication strategies. One of the findings suggests a strong relationship between the communication of sustainable innovation aspects and sales, which offers a promising message to companies looking for evidence about the potential impact of their commitment to sustainable operations and innovation.},
	keywords = {business decision-making, online communication, online data collection, principal component analysis, R\&D, research and development, sustainability, sustainable innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1395},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1395},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta and Stoyan Tanev and Andrea Gorra and Alicja Izabela Pospieszala}
}
@article {1364,
	title = {A Two-Staged Approach to Technology Entrepreneurship: Differential Effects of Intellectual Property Rights},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {5-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article we examine how the strength of the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime drives technology entrepreneurship innovation (TEI) that comprise novel unfamiliar technological products and new business models, which in turn lead to new product-market combinations. We consider TEI to be a two-stage process that involves access and use of new technologies and technological resources by entrepreneurs. While stronger IPR may constrain easy availability of new technologies and technological resources for entrepreneurs, use of these leads to TEI. We suggest that stronger IPR regimes could lead to TEI and its positive effect is felt through easy accessibility of the latest technologies and technology resources by entrepreneurs. Our model contributes to the understanding of the effect of strong IPR regimes on the different stages of the innovation process.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, innovation, intellectual property rights, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1364},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1364},
	author = {Saurav Pathak and Etayankara Muralidharan}
}
@article {1287,
	title = {Artificial Intelligence for Innovation in Austria},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {It has been claimed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) carries enormous potential for service and product innovation. Policy makers world-wide nowadays aim to foster environments conducive for AI-based innovation. This paper addresses the current lack of empirical data for evidence-based innovation policies and the management of AI-based innovation. It focuses on \&ldquo;AI and innovation management\&rdquo; in addressing the question whether innovation that is based on new AI technology requires a management approach different from other forms of IT innovation. We present results from a study of Austrian companies on the degree of use and implementation of AI, and on challenges related to AI-based innovation management. This study used a keyword-list approach to define \&ldquo;Artificial Intelligence\&rdquo; and to find AI-based innovation projects in research databases. These projects facilitated the identification of experts from organisations developing AI-based innovation. In total, eleven experts were interviewed about their AI-based innovation activities. The results show that AI is a very fast emerging technology that is being applied in many sectors. A broad range of innovative solutions are being developed and some have already reached the market. Specific AI business models are, however, less clear and still developing. Companies are facing multiple challenges from regulation to human resources and data collection. Managing AI-based innovation will be particularly difficult for smaller enterprises, where problems are often more pronounced than in larger industries. Explicit challenges for managing AI-based innovations include the necessary attention to managing expectations and ensuring historic metadata expertise essential for many AI-based solutions. Policies to support AI-based innovation therefore should focus on human aspects. This includes increasing the availability of AI experts, but also concerns the development of new job profiles, such as experts in AI training. AI innovators also require clear AI regulation and research investments in key challenges, such as explainable AI.},
	keywords = {AI, AI innovation management, artificial intelligence, Austria, innovation, SME},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1287},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1287},
	author = {Erich Prem}
}
@article {1291,
	title = {Connected Health Innovation:  Data Access Challenges in the Interface of AI Companies and Hospitals},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {43-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, connected health, Data access, data management, governance, information mobility, innovation, orchestration, patient- centered},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1291},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1291},
	author = {Laura Kemppainen and Minna Pikkarainen and Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Jarmo Reponen}
}
@article {1222,
	title = {The SDG-Check: Guiding Open Innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {20-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The {\textquotedblleft}fuzzy front end{\textquotedblright} of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations{\textquoteright} 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept{\textquoteright}s intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the {\textquotedblleft}SDG-Check{\textquotedblright}, which help assess an innovator{\textquoteright}s sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations{\textquoteright} SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development. },
	keywords = {fuzzy front end of innovation, Living lab, Open innovation, SDG-Check, sustainability assessments, sustainability inspiration, sustainable development goals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1222},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1222},
	author = {Justus von Geibler and Julius Piwowar and Annika Greven}
}
@article {1265,
	title = {Smart Mobility: Services, Platforms and Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {15},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we provide novel insight into building and managing growth in a new emerging market: the operation and maintenance of a heterogeneous and expanding vehicle fleet in a smart city environment. There are several different types of players in this emerging market and a dominant player is still missing. Based on our empirical findings, we identified three key characteristics of a growing business and the ability to reach a leading position: 1) co-creation through resource integration and service exchange is preferable for responding to market demands; 2) a digital platform is critical to create the necessary knowledge for resource integration and service exchange; and 3) smart services glue the ecosystem and platform together and create the outcome that solves the defined business problem. Most importantly, all three elements\&mdash;ecosystem, platform and smart services\&mdash;create a uniform environment in which to grow the business in a new emerging market.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1265},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1265},
	author = {Jukka Pulkkinen and Jari Jussila and Atte Partanen and Igor Trotskii and Aki Laiho}
}
@article {1148,
	title = {Frugal or Fair? The Unfulfilled Promises of Frugal Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovation has become a popular buzzword among management and business scholars. However, despite its popularity, I argue that the frugal innovation literature, in its present form, is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the frugal innovation literature assumes that scarcity is a normal condition of the {\textquotedblleft}Global South{\textquotedblright}. In this article, I show that this assumption neglects the fact that scarcity can be socially constructed to deny certain social sectors the access to resources essential for their flourishing. Second, despite all the good intentions underpinning the idea of {\textquotedblleft}alleviating poverty{\textquotedblright}, frugal innovation studies rarely challenge, or even discuss, the causes of destitution and social exclusion. Innovation, as well as technology, is overwhelmingly framed in an agnostic and neutral way that sidelines the socio-economic complexity of the exclusion mechanisms that cause poverty and underdevelopment. By ignoring this, the frugal innovation literature risks limiting the understanding of the problems it seeks to solve and, most importantly, it risks limiting its impact. Most frugal innovation literature, in other words, seems to elude the fact that, rather than being a mere lack of resources or technology, poverty is a matter of social justice. In order to be empowering, technology has to be value-based, normative framed, socially controlled, and democratically debated. In this article, I propose that we should use these principles to develop a new wave of frugal innovation literature and practice. },
	keywords = {frugal innovation, inclusive innovation, scarcity, social justice},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1148},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1148},
	author = {Mario Pansera}
}
@article {1201,
	title = {Living Labs versus Lean Startups: An Empirical Investigation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {7-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although we seem to be living in an era where founding a startup has never been easier, studies point to the high mortality rates of these organizations. This {\textquotedblleft}startup hype{\textquotedblright} has also induced many practitioner-based innovation management approaches that lack empirical studies and validation. Moreover, a lot of these approaches have rather similar angles, but use different wordings. Therefore, in this article, we look into two of these {\textquotedblleft}hyped{\textquotedblright} concepts: the lean startup and living labs. We review the academic studies on these topics and explore a sample of 86 entrepreneurial projects based on project characteristics and outcomes. Our main finding is that the two approaches appear to be complementary. Living labs are powerful instruments to implement the principles of the lean startup, as the real-life testing and multi-disciplinary approach of living labs seem to generate more actionable outcomes. However, living labs also require the flexibility of a startup {\textendash} ideally a lean one {\textendash} to actually deliver this promise. Thus, rather than picking a winner in this comparison, we argue that combining the concepts{\textquoteright} different strengths can bring clear benefits.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, impact, Innovation management, lean startup, Living lab, Open innovation, testing, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1201},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1201},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Sonja M. Protic}
}
@article {1191,
	title = {Tread Carefully: Managing Identities and Expectations in High-Tech Industry{\textendash}Academia Collaborations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {29-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Industry{\textendash}academia collaborations are in continual flux. The changing role of academics is reflected in the interaction between industry and academia. In this article, we examine how meetings as a genre are used to establish and alter the roles and identities of participants. First, interactional analysis shows that a meeting set-up revolving around academic presentations confirms an old role division between collaborators where academic contributions are vulnerable to undervaluation. Second, we found that so called {\textquotedblleft}leading individuals{\textquotedblright} show critical discourse awareness that allows partners to reposition themselves in relation to each other. They use interactional strategies to create a joint purpose, empower participants to jointly realign, and motivate them to openly share progress. This results in a power shift where academics feel free to pursue their agendas. With this article, we try to understand how the choice of linguistic features shapes social and interpersonal relations in industry{\textendash}academia collaborations by focusing on open innovation as a socially contingent process. },
	keywords = {critical discourse awareness, industry-academia, interaction, leadership, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1191},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1191},
	author = {Els De Maeijer and Tom Van Hout and Mathieu Weggeman and Ger Post}
}
@article {1105,
	title = {Convergent Innovation in Emerging Healthcare Technology Ecosystems: Addressing Complexity and Integration},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {44-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Precision Medicine and Digital Health are emerging areas in healthcare, and they are underpinned by convergent or cross-industry innovation. However, convergence results in greater uncertainty and complexity in terms of technologies, value networks, and organization. There has been limited empirical research on emerging and convergent ecosystems, especially in addressing the issue of integration. This research identifies how organizations innovate in emerging and convergent ecosystems, specifically, how they address the challenge of integration. We base our research on empirical analyses using a series of longitudinal case studies employing a combination of case interviews, field observations, and documents. Our findings identify a need to embrace the complexity by adopting a variety of approaches that balance {\textquotedblleft}credibility-seeking{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}advantage-seeking{\textquotedblright} behaviours, to navigate, negotiate, and nurture both the innovation and ecosystem, in addition to a combination of {\textquotedblleft}analysis{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}synthesis{\textquotedblright} actions to manage aspects of integration. We contribute to the convergent innovation agenda and provide practical approaches for innovators in this domain. },
	keywords = {complexity, convergent innovation, ecosystems, healthcare, integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1105},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1105},
	author = {Mark A. Phillips and Tom{\'a}s S. Harrington and Jagjit Singh Srai}
}
@article {1053,
	title = {Methods for Supporting Older Users in Communicating Their Emotions at Different Phases of a Living Lab Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {7-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on living lab methods that support the elicitation of emotions {\textendash} a key success factor in whether a design solution will be accepted and taken up over the long term. We demonstrate the use of emotional goal models to help understand what is relevant for a target user group in the early phases of design. We promote animations and storyboards to envision the context of use and to gain an understanding of how design ideas can integrate into people{\textquoteright}s lives. For the evaluation of ideas and to further understand user needs, we show how technology probes facilitate natural interactions with a suggested solution concept. All methods have in common that they enable older adults without design or development experience to participate in the design process and work towards a meaningful solution by helping to communicate feelings and goals that are often hard to define. Lastly, we present a process model that demonstrates our emotion-led design toolkit at various phases of a living lab process. },
	keywords = {aging well, co-design methods, emotion-led design, expressing emotions, Living lab, personal alarm systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1053},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1053},
	author = {Sonja Pedell and Alen Keirnan and Gareth Priday and Tim Miller and Antonette Mendoza and Antonio Lopez-Lorca and Leon Sterling}
}
@article {1057,
	title = {Needsfinding in Living Labs: A Structured Research Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {42-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs enable innovations to be facilitated and implemented quickly and efficiently. A key element of the living lab approach is the active involvement of users. In this article, we examine a structured needsfinding phase of a living lab infrastructure project within the context of bicycle commuting. Given that effectuation costs are high, it is essential for the lab to focus on tackling the right user needs. Thus, the living lab{\textquoteright}s needsfinding phase aims to identify user needs and wants, as measured by bicycle commuting intention. We examined intention in a structured way by following the theory of planned behaviour. The results show that bicycle commuting intention can be explained by the variables of our model (R square=0.808). The specific insights arising from the needsfinding phase are an important focus for the activities and experiments in the later phases of the living lab. The generalized insights are also relevant to innovation experts outside the area of cycling.},
	keywords = {commuting, cycling, intention, Living lab, needsfinding, theory of planned behaviour},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1057},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1057},
	author = {Louise Savelkoul and Murk Peutz}
}
@article {1104,
	title = {Orchestration Roles to Facilitate Networked Innovation in a Healthcare Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {30-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study examines orchestration roles in a networked innovation context characterized by significant transformation. In particular, an exploratory case study approach is taken to study the roles of innovation network orchestrators and their actions to facilitate networked activities in different phases of the innovation process. The context of the case study, a healthcare ecosystem that aims to co-create technological innovations to support the pediatric surgery journey, provides valuable insights about orchestration and adds knowledge on specific limitations set by the orchestrator-specific and context-related issues in a professional context. The findings of this study highlight the need for careful coordination that allows shared understanding of the goals of the orchestration process and achievable innovation implementations. It is shown that parallel, evolving, and even changing orchestrator roles are needed in complex networked innovation settings. },
	keywords = {case study, exploratory approach, healthcare ecosystem, high-level experts, innovation orchestration, roles},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1104},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1104},
	author = {Minna Pikkarainen and Mari Ervasti and Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Satu N{\"a}tti}
}
@article {1074,
	title = {Platforms for Innovation and Internationalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The high-tech global startup has many challenges related to both innovation and internationalization. From a Danish cluster of Welfare Tech firms, eight innovative and international firms were selected and interviewed. Such firms typically have to be agile and operate in virtual networks in almost all parts of their value chains. This article contributes to the understanding of how innovation and internationalization to a great extent are interlinked. The firms have developed a core product or service offering, which the firms often describe as {\textquotedblleft}a platform{\textquotedblright}. Around the platform, they develop their products and services for new customers and users in new countries. The firms have to sustain a strong focus on the platform while at the same time developing their platform solution for new products, new customers, and new markets. This pivoting makes it possible to use the platform in a new context but is highly demanding for the firms. They need to be extremely agile and fast-moving but at the same time still to have a focus on the core of the firm: the platform. },
	keywords = {globalization, innovation, internationalization, lean and global startups, lean startup, platform},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1074},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1074},
	author = {Erik Stavnsager Rasmussen and Nicolaj Hannesbo Petersen}
}
@article {1039,
	title = {The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations {\textendash} not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations{\textquoteright} goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business network, campus development, co-creation, co-design, collective action, Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach, participatory planning, smart cities, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1039},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1039},
	author = {Karlos Artto and Riikka Kyr{\"o} and Tuomas Ahola and Antti Peltokorpi and Kristiina Sandqvist}
}
@article {1024,
	title = {Managing Innovation Ecosystems to Create and Capture Value in ICT Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {17-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In a new knowledge-intensive economic landscape, firms need to access external knowledge sources due to their inability to generate all necessary knowledge on their own. The interaction with and learning from external knowledge sources implies that firms depend upon decisions and actions made by business partners and external support organizations. This network of linkages can be considered as an ecosystem in which commercial enterprises and non-firm organizations interact with one another and work together to create and capture value. Previous studies have shown that a firm{\textquoteright}s ability to successfully commercialize a new product depends not only on its own technology strategy but also its capabilities to manage an innovation ecosystem strategy. Dynamic markets, intense competition, and shorter product lifecycles force companies across different industries to create and capture value more rapidly by launching new innovations. Well-defined and executed innovation ecosystem strategies can help companies to develop new markets and business opportunities for the different types of innovations and enable their businesses to grow. This study provides new insight into how an ecosystem strategy can be formed based on the traditional strategy literature and proposes a conceptual framework for senior leaders to form an ecosystem strategy.},
	keywords = {innovation ecosystem, management, network, strategy, value capture},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1024},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1024},
	author = {Jarkko Pellikka and Timo Ali-Vehmas}
}
@article {1033,
	title = {A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.},
	keywords = {business models, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, regional innovation system, shared value, tourism, tourism cluster},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1033},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1033},
	author = {Vincent Gr{\`e}zes and B{\'e}atrice Girod Lehmann and Marc Schnyder and Antoine Perruchoud}
}
@article {1019,
	title = {Transferable Practices for Knowledge Mobilization: Lessons from a Community-Engaged Health Research Study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {46-52},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Community-engaged health research can have both immediate and lasting impacts, yet is often plagued with various unknowns and unanticipated delays {\textendash} this can be especially true in hospital settings with older adults. In this informal case study based on the authors{\textquoteright} collective experiences of an unraveling of the research process, the challenges and issues faced in assessing the health benefits of the {\textquotedblleft}Music \& Memory{\textquotedblright} iPod program in a complex continuing care hospital wing are discussed. Specifically, the lessons learned through the processes of acquiring ethical approval to work with a particularly vulnerable population, of effectively measuring the benefits of the program, and of the day-to-day logistical issues are recounted, with suggestions for overcoming these challenges through transferable practices for working with vulnerable or older adults and mobilizing the knowledge gained.},
	keywords = {challenges, community engagement, complex care, health, knowledge mobilization, music, older adults},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1019},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1019},
	author = {Renate Ysseldyk and Angela Paric and Tracy Luciani}
}
@article {937,
	title = {Orchestrators of Innovation-Driven Regional Development: Experiences from the INNOFOKUS Project and Change2020 Programme},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {52-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The article takes a practical view of regional innovation ecosystems and presents ways to advance more efficient uses of public funding instruments by regional developers. Documenting the views of Finnish regional developers into two workbooks and a toolbox, the results of the INNOFOKUS project and its Change2020 development programme identified that promoting a high-impact project culture and smart specialization in Finland requires a continuous learning and participation process. Key individuals who can make this happen are innovation orchestrators who facilitate activities and compose the big picture. This article aims to bring forth an overview of the building blocks of an enriching and energizing environment and high-impact projects, and it presents an overview of how to enable the work of innovation orchestrators, who play a critical role in facilitating innovation ecosystems.},
	keywords = {agile project development, experimentation-driven development, high-impact projects, orchestrator, regional development, regional innovation ecosystem, smart specialisation, smart specialization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/937},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/937},
	author = {Mervi Rajahonka and Toni Pienonen and Riikka Kuusisto and Jari Handelberg}
}
@article {873,
	title = {Personal Health Systems Technologies: Critical Issues in Service Innovation and Diffusion},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {46-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Personal health system (PHS) technologies can enhance public and private health service delivery and provide new business opportunities in Europe and around the world. Although much PHS technology has already been developed and could potentially provide virtually everyone with access to personalized healthcare, research driven primarily by a technology push may fail, because it fails to situate PHS within the wider health and social care service systems. In this article, we explore the scattered PHS research and innovation landscape, as well its relevant markets, using several types of analyses: bibliometrics, patent analysis, social network analysis, stakeholder workshops, and interviews. Our analyses aim to identify critical issues in the development and implementation of service systems around PHS technologies. },
	keywords = {ehealth, foresight studies, health and social care, healthcare, innovation ecosystem, mhealth, personal health systems, service innovation, service systems, stakeholders, system design, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/873},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/873},
	author = {Doris Schartinger and Ian Miles and Ozcan Saritas and Effie Amanatidou and Susanne Giesecke and Barbara Heller-Schuh and Laura Pombo-Juarez and G{\"u}nter Schreier}
}
@article {904,
	title = {Secure by Design: Cybersecurity Extensions to Project Management Maturity Models for Critical Infrastructure Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {26-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many systems that comprise our critical infrastructures {\textendash} including electricity, transportation, healthcare, and financial systems {\textendash} are designed and deployed as information technology (IT) projects using project management practices. IT projects provide a one-time opportunity to securely "design in" cybersecurity to the IT components of critical infrastructures. The project management maturity models used by organizations today to assess the quality and rigour of IT project management practices do not explicitly consider cybersecurity. This article makes three contributions to address this gap. First, it develops the argument that cybersecurity can and should be a concern of IT project managers and assessed in the same way as other project management capabilities. Second, it examines three widely used cybersecurity maturity models {\textendash} i) the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) framework for improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity, ii) the United States Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2), and iii) the CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT RMM) from the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute {\textendash} to identify six cybersecurity themes that are salient to IT project management. Third, it proposes a set of cybersecurity extensions to PjM3, a widely-deployed project management maturity model. The extensions take the form of a five-level cybersecurity capability perspective that augments the seven standard perspectives of the PjM3 by explicitly assessing project management capabilities that impact the six themes where IT project management and cybersecurity intersect. This article will be relevant to IT project managers, the top management teams of organizations that design and deploy IT systems for critical infrastructures, and managers at organizations that provide and maintain critical infrastructures.},
	keywords = {C2M2, capability maturity models, CERT RMM, critical infrastructures, cybersecurity, NIST, P3M3, PjM3, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/904},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/904},
	author = {Jay Payette and Esther Anegbe and Erika Caceres and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Challenging the Stage-Gate Model in Crowdsourcing: The Case of Fiat Mio in Brazil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach {\textendash} the accordion model {\textendash} which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a {\textquotedblleft}funnel{\textquotedblright} of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of {\textquotedblleft}the sacred and the profane{\textquotedblright} to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the {\textquotedblleft}sacred{\textquotedblright} experts from Fiat and the {\textquotedblleft}profane{\textquotedblright} lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects.},
	keywords = {automobile industry, Brazil, crowdsourcing, Fiat, marketing, Open innovation, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/829},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/829},
	author = {Fabio Prado Saldanha and Patrick Cohendet and Marlei Pozzebon}
}
@article {835,
	title = {Defining Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {13-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cybersecurity is a broadly used term, whose definitions are highly variable, often subjective, and at times, uninformative. The absence of a concise, broadly acceptable definition that captures the multidimensionality of cybersecurity impedes technological and scientific advances by reinforcing the predominantly technical view of cybersecurity while separating disciplines that should be acting in concert to resolve complex cybersecurity challenges. In conjunction with an in-depth literature review, we led multiple discussions on cybersecurity with a diverse group of practitioners, academics, and graduate students to examine multiple perspectives of what should be included in a definition of cybersecurity. In this article, we propose a resulting new definition: "Cybersecurity is the organization and collection of resources, processes, and structures used to protect cyberspace and cyberspace-enabled systems from occurrences that misalign de jure from de facto property rights." Articulating a concise, inclusive, meaningful, and unifying definition will enable an enhanced and enriched focus on interdisciplinary cybersecurity dialectics and thereby will influence the approaches of academia, industry, and government and non-governmental organizations to cybersecurity challenges.},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, cyberspace, definition, interdisciplinary, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/835},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/835},
	author = {Dan Craigen and Nadia Diakun-Thibault and Randy Purse}
}
@article {773,
	title = {Formulating an Executive Strategy for Big Data Analytics},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	pages = {25-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The recent surge in big data technologies has left many executives, both of well-established organizations and emerging startups, wondering how best to harness big data. In particular, the analytics aspect of big data is enticing for both information technology (IT) service providers and non-IT firms because of its potential for high returns on investment, which have been heavily publicized, if not clearly demonstrated, by multiple whitepapers, webinars, and research surveys. Although executives may clearly perceive the benefits of big data analytics to their organizations, the path to the goal is not as clear or easy as it looks. And, it is not just the established organizations that have this challenge; even startups trying to take advantage of this big data analytics opportunity are facing the same problem of lack of clarity on what to do or how to formulate an executive strategy. This article is primarily for executives who are looking for help in formulating a strategy for achieving success with big data analytics in their operations. It provides guidelines to them plan an organization{\textquoteright}s short-term and long-term goals, and presents a strategy tool, known as the delta model, to develop a customer-centric approach to success with big data analytics.},
	keywords = {big data, business vision, executive strategy, IT entrepreneurship, predictive analytics},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/773},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/773},
	author = {Gopalakrishna Palem}
}
@article {801,
	title = {Resolving Legitimacy Deficits in Technology Startups through Professional Services Practices},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As new ventures, technology startups face a key challenge that is specifically associated with their young age: a perceived lack of organizational legitimacy. Organizational legitimacy is an important factor in the growth and survival of new ventures and is therefore an important issue for managers and entrepreneurs to address. Although there are many different typologies for defining types of organizational legitimacy, this article argues that technology startups should focus on developing external pragmatic legitimacy as a means of acquiring the resources required to grow and thrive. However, despite the many ways by which an organization can develop external pragmatic legitimacy, few are well suited to technology startups. Based on a review of the different types of organizational legitimacy and an assessment of their applicability to the context of technology startups, this article recommends that technology entrepreneurs should consider the creation of professional services practices to help develop external pragmatic legitimacy and overcome the {\textquotedblleft}liability of newness{\textquotedblright}. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, impression of viability, legitimacy, new ventures, operational verification, organizational legitimacy, pragmatic legitimacy, pragmatic validation, professional services, technology startups, viability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/801},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/801},
	author = {Jay Payette}
}
@article {857,
	title = {University Spinoffs: What, Why, and How?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {12/2014},
	pages = {44-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {University spinoffs have remarkably strengthened the linkage between universities and industry. The number of technology patents and spinoffs coming out of university research has a significant impact on regional economic and social development. To further highlight the importance of university spinoffs, the aim of this article is to review available literature on university spinoffs and present a comprehensive overview of what university spinoffs are, why they are important, what makes them significant, and how they are or can be created. In addition to reviewing existing models of university spinoff creation, we also propose a new, multi-stage, holistic model.},
	keywords = {stage model, technology patents, university spinoff, university-industry linkage},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/857},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/857},
	author = {Pinaki N. Pattnaik and Satyendra C. Pandey}
}
@article {742,
	title = {Actor Roles in an Urban Living Lab: What Can We Learn from Suurpelto, Finland?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a growing trend to involve citizens in city development to make urban areas more suitable to their needs and prevent social problems. City centres and neighbourhoods have increasingly been serving as regional living labs, which are ideal platforms to explore the needs of users as residents and citizens. This article examines the characteristics and success factors of urban living labs based on a case study of Suurpelto, Finland. Urban living lab activity is characterized by a practice-based innovation process with diffuse and heterogeneous knowledge production that aims to address urban problems of varying complexity. User involvement is critical for co-creating value, but equally important is collaboration between other living lab actors: enablers, providers, and utilizers. Enabler-driven labs can be successful in creating common goals but they need providers, such as development organizations, to boost development. Proactive networking, experimentation as a bottom-up process, using student innovators as resources, as well as commitment and longevity in development work are success factors for urban living labs.},
	keywords = {innovation, knowledge production, networks, regional development, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/742},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/742},
	author = {Soile Juuj{\"a}rvi and Kaija Pesso}
}
@article {732,
	title = {Reinventing the Wheel: Contextualizing Existing Innovations as a Path to Market Success},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {16-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the quest to create cutting-edge products, organizations often invest substantial time, attention, and capital in primary research and development (R\&D). By themselves, these R\&D investments to create avant-garde products may not provide good return-on-investment. In the context of Canadian businesses, there is a significant scarcity of resources available for R\&D. What can Canadian firms do to stay innovative when they face a plethora of difficulties, including insufficient funding? This article explores how organizations can leverage external innovation and existing technologies to create products or services that cater to the market needs. We present a three-pillar model along with examples of companies that attained market success in large part by contextualizing existing technologies in order to create innovative products or services. This approach provides companies with a high-level framework to facilitate resource-parsimonious creation of commercializable, innovative products that are competitive in today{\textquoteright}s global marketplace.},
	keywords = {commercialization, contextualization of innovation, Innovation management, market-focused innovation, organization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/732},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/732},
	author = {Jeff Moretz and Karthik Sankaranarayanan and Jennifer Percival}
}
@article {575,
	title = {From Stories to Evidence: How Mining Data Can Promote Innovation in the Nonprofit Sector},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {10-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Being a director at a nonprofit organization often means making guesses instead of properly informed decisions. One source of the {\textquotedblleft}information fog{\textquotedblright} is fragmented funding. Nonprofit organizations have multiple types of funders, most of whom are not their direct beneficiaries. Predicting funder behaviour is therefore more of an art than a science. Planning for the future, setting goals, and making decisions all suffer in the nonprofit sector because of a lack of timely and accurate information.

This article examines the opportunities to use newly available digitized information to address this information deficit. It shows how the rich, variegated and fast-changing landscape of information available online can be collected, combined, and repurposed in order to deliver it in actionable forms to decision makers across the nonprofit sector. This information can significantly improve planning decisions and enhance the effectiveness of the sector. 

The article concludes that a cultural shift is required in order for the nonprofit sector to exploit the opportunities presented by digital information. Nonprofits and funders are enjoined to increase their numeracy and to find creative ways to use data as part of their evaluation, planning and decision making. Researchers need to be adventurous in their use of quantitative information and specifically should employ linked datasets in order to explore previously unanswerable research and policy questions. The producers of data need to collect and publish their information in ways that facilitate reuse. Finally, funders need to support a variety of projects that seek to exploit these new opportunities.
},
	keywords = {Ajah, charities, community sector, data mining, funding database, nonprofit, social innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/575},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/575},
	author = {Michael Lenczner and Susan Phillips}
}
@article {617,
	title = {Global Mindset: An Entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s Perspective on the Born-Global Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {27-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The born-global approach calls for a startup to address the needs of a global market from inception. This approach provides an attractive alternative to the conventional staged approach to internationalization whereby a startup first operates in its home market and then enters one or more foreign markets sequentially. This article highlights the mindset change that an entrepreneur must make to move from the conventional staged approach to the born-global approach. The author of this article is an experienced entrepreneur and the article describes his own mindset change that occurred when enacting the born-global approach. The author uses his own experience and company as a case study to develop recommendations for other entrepreneurs who are evaluating the born-global approach to launch and grow a technology company. },
	keywords = {born global, economic development, entrepreneurship, globalization, internationalization, startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/617},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/617},
	author = {Robert Poole}
}
@article {636,
	title = {Governance of Open Source Software Foundations: Who Holds the Power?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {37-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The research reported in this article attempts to discover who holds the power in open source software foundations through the analysis of governance documents. Artificial neural network analysis is used to analyse the content of the bylaws of six open source foundations (Apache, Eclipse, GNOME, Plone, Python, and SPI) for the purpose of identifying power structures. Results of the research suggest that: i) the actions of an open source software foundation are centered around one of three groups: Members, Chairman/President/Executive Director, and Board of Directors; ii) in only one of the six foundations is the Board of Directors responsible for both the community and the product; and iii) artificial neural network analysis of the content of bylaws provides unbiased insights of the power structure of open source software foundations. These results may prove useful to those who contribute to open source foundations and use their products and services.},
	keywords = {artificial neural network, content analysis, keystones, management structures, open source, open source software foundations, organization, power},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/636},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/636},
	author = {Ludovico Prattico}
}
@article {536,
	title = {A Guide for Entrepreneurs Who Lead and Manage Change},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {03/2012},
	pages = {27-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To grow a business, entrepreneurs must know how to lead and manage change. However, the change management literature offers little in the way of specific, practical advice that leaders can use to guide their actions. This article builds on a review of the change management literature, a small field study, and years of experience supporting technology companies. It identifies and describes the top nine leadership actions (and their associated behavioural traits) that technology entrepreneurs who lead and manage change should carry out. },
	keywords = {change management, entrepreneurship, leadership},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/536},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/536},
	author = {Llynne Plante}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Neuromarketing: Understanding Customers{\textquoteright} Subconscious Responses to Marketing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {12-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents neuromarketing as a way to detect brain activation during customer engagement. Neuromarketing is a field of marketing research that studies consumers{\textquoteright} sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. We established a Virtual Customer Journey model based on the consultative selling process to study customer engagement by using brain scans. Consultative selling suggests that a customer{\textquoteright}s shopping experience is managed by the salesperson{\textquoteright}s behaviour and in-store marketing assets, and that the customer gets engaged step by step. A total of 16 test subjects were shown video clips and still pictures from a consultative sales process at Nokia{\textquoteright}s flagship stores, and their brain activity was scanned. The results show that test subjects were able to associate themselves with people and events on the video and they felt safe and comfortable during the consultative selling process. The study implies that laboratories can build virtual environments that resemble real shopping environments where customers can participate in the buying process and respond to events displayed on the screen, and that neuroimaging is useful in providing valuable information on customer behaviour that is not achievable otherwise.},
	keywords = {brain scans, consultative selling, customer engagement, customer journey, fMRI, neuroimaging, neuromarketing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/634},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/634},
	author = {Jyrki Suomala and Lauri Palokangas and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Jarmo Heinonen and Jussi Numminen}
}
@article {566,
	title = {The Physical Internet and Business Model Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {32-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Building on the analogy of data packets within the Digital Internet, the Physical Internet is a concept that dramatically transforms how physical objects are designed, manufactured, and distributed. This approach is open, efficient, and sustainable beyond traditional proprietary logistical solutions, which are often plagued by inefficiencies. The Physical Internet redefines supply chain configurations, business models, and value-creation patterns. Firms are bound to be less dependent on operational scale and scope trade-offs because they will be in a position to offer novel hybrid products and services that would otherwise destroy value. Finally, logistical chains become flexible and reconfigurable in real time, thus becoming better in tune with firm strategic choices. This article focuses on the potential impact of the Physical Internet on business model innovation, both from the perspectives of Physical-Internet enabled and enabling business models.},
	keywords = {business models, logistics, physical internet, supply chains},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/566},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/566},
	author = {Benoit Montreuil and Jean-Fran{\c c}ois Roug{\`e}s and Yan Cimon and Diane Poulin}
}
@article {580,
	title = {Platformation: Cloud Computing Tools at the Service of Social Change},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {36-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The following article establishes some context and definitions for what is termed the {\textquotedblleft}sharing imperative{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} a movement or tendency towards sharing information online and in real time that has rapidly transformed several industries. As internet-enabled devices proliferate to all corners of the globe, ways of working and accessing information have changed. Users now expect to be able to access the products, services, and information that they want from anywhere, at any time, on any device. 

This article addresses how the nonprofit sector might respond to those demands by embracing the sharing imperative. It suggests that how well an organization shares has become one of the most pressing governance questions a nonprofit organization must tackle. Finally, the article introduces Platformation, a project whereby tools that enable better inter and intra-organizational sharing are tested for scalability, affordability, interoperability, and security, all with a non-profit lens.},
	keywords = {charity, cloud computing, nonprofit, Platformation, sharing imperative, social innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/580},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/580},
	author = {Anil Patel}
}
@article {569,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: Leadership Position in Technology Entrepreneurship and Commercialization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {49-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {commercialization, global entrepreneurship, leadership, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/569},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/569},
	author = {TIM Program}
}
@article {581,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series - TELUS in Health: Improving Health Outcomes for All Canadians},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {42-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {healthcare, mobile applications, pharmacy, remote patient monitoring, TELUS},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/581},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/581},
	author = {Giovanni Pizzoferrato}
}
@article {433,
	title = {Carleton Entrepreneurs: The First Keystone Off-The-Shelf Application},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe the first application of the Keystone Off-The-Shelf (KOTS) platform. KOTS integrates software applications available under open source licenses with proprietary applications and services offered by small local technology companies, most of which are Carleton University spin-offs.

KOTS is the engine behind the website for the Carleton Entrepreneurs program. The goals of this unique program are to: i) strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit at Carleton University; ii) help graduate and senior undergraduate students transform their ideas into compelling opportunities and successful ventures; and iii) share the best opportunities with potential investors, alumni, and friends of Carleton University. KOTS will enable the Carleton Entrepreneurs collective to achieve significant system-level outcomes that are not attainable without the platform. This collective is comprised of students, mentors, internal and external reviewers, top managers of technology university spin-off companies, academics, and friends of Carleton.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/433},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Ludovico Prattico}
}
@article {412,
	title = {Control in Open Source Software Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we examine typical fears associated with a perceived loss of control in an open source software development project. We describe various development models, including hybrid models that provide companies with control over key aspects of product development. Finally, a description of control within open source projects illustrates that self-regulating control mechanisms that exist in this model. A better understanding of control as a factor will help companies achieve their for-profit objectives using open source software.   
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/412},
	author = {Robert Poole}
}
@article {446,
	title = {A Money-Making Platform for Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New technologies such as cloud computing and platforms are beginning to emerge as simple, practical ways for entrepreneurs to start businesses in a short period of time and with little money. They allow businesses to quickly take a concept to the market to see if it will work. If the business takes off, these same technologies are ready to scale the business to reach global markets and to stay profitable the entire time.

In this article, an outline is provided of key business models that have proliferated as a result of new technologies, namely multi-sided platforms, long-tail markets, and freemium business models. Next, the author describes FreebirdConnect.com, his new platform business that has emerged out of Carleton University{\textquoteright}s Technology Innovation Management program. This platform can be used by other entrepreneurs to start a new business venture that can reach new markets around the world. Finally, the article describes the steps that an entrepreneur can follow to start a low-risk, global business on the FreebirdConnect.com platform without substantial start-up capital. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/446},
	author = {Robert Poole}
}
@article {502,
	title = {Patents to Exclude vs. Include: Rethinking the Management of Intellectual Property Rights in a Knowledge-Based Economy},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	pages = {12-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Traditional patent theory emphasizes the importance of patents for excluding imitators. This view is far too restrictive and is at odds with many empirical and theoretical works. Therefore, we propose an analysis of patent management that considers the properties of knowledge-based economies explicitly. Patents are thus shown to be critical instruments for coordinating innovative activities between firms. They not only exclude potential infringers, but also {\textquotedblleft}include{\textquotedblright} all the heterogeneous stakeholders of the innovation process. Patents facilitate coordination via two mechanisms: they encourage the emergence of markets for technology (market coordination) and they play an important role in formal and informal inter-firm collaboration (non-market coordination). We also link firms{\textquoteright} patenting strategy with the characteristics of the technological regime of their sector.},
	keywords = {knowledge-based economy, markets for technology, Open innovation, patents, R\&D collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/502},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/502},
	author = {Patrick Cohendet and Julien P{\'e}nin}
}
@article {435,
	title = {The Social Management of Risk},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss a conceptual framework on the social management of risk and highlight the role of the community sector in that process. We introduce the topic of risk, illustrate how it is distinct from the concept of uncertainty, and show how different social actors assess risk differently. Next, we introduce the "social management of risk" approach, which takes a broad view of the potential actors involved in pursuing societal objectives in relation to risk. Finally, we discuss the role of the community sector is the social management of risk. While this framework is presented in the context of social policy, it can be generalized to any situations where social actors respond to and manage risks in a multi-player environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/435},
	author = {David P{\'e}loquin and Jean Kunz and Nicola Gaye}
}
@article {425,
	title = {Using Value Co-Creation to Redefine Business Models},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, a revolution is underway in the delivery channel of mobile service (or application) production and provision, and application stores are building up a central position as intermediaries in service delivery. The market is transforming from being one-sided to being two-sided. Thus in this article, we focus on integrating the business model concept with value co-creation with respect to the emergence of two-sided markets and intermediaries. As the transformation from a one-sided to a two-sided market and the birth of intermediaries bring forth value co-creation possibilities, this article aims to find out how value can be co-created in different mobile service production and provision models.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/425},
	author = {Kati J{\"a}rvi and Antti Pellinen}
}
@article {347,
	title = {Communications Enabled Applications: Building Value, not Monetising APIs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over the past decade there have been numerous attempts at opening telecom infrastructures to developers. As each attempt evolves to the next, there is an equal desire to monetise the exposure of telecom capabilities using traditional and well understood mechanisms: charge for necessary equipment upgrades and license the application programming interfaces on a per-invocation or "block of simultaneous invocations" basis. However, the various vendors and development companies involved in creating applications with embedded communications capabilities have had to re-examine their business and technology models in an increasingly competitive applications market where the rate of applications failing to gain market traction far outweighs the rate of success.

This article looks at the history of telecommunications APIs and the predominant business models that have accompanied those interfaces. By analysing the history of telecom APIs and recognising the gradual shift from a strongly vendor controlled environment to a highly accessible component of IT networks, we can recognise the shift in revenue generation from a typical monetisation model to a value based model. Additionally, we can examine how incumbents and new entrants are dealing with the more unpredictable business models and emerging methods for de-risking value based revenue opportunities. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/347},
	author = {Craik Pyke}
}
@article {400,
	title = {Developing a Service Industry to Support the Sahana Disaster Management System},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {12/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Sahana Software Foundation governs humanitarian free and open source software (HFOSS) projects that address the information-coordination challenges of disaster management. Sahana software has been proven effective and is recommended by numerous industry sources from both the emergency management and business sectors. It fulfills critical needs to enable organizations responding to disasters to share information across organizational lines and to track and effectively manage disaster efforts. These needs are substantial and are growing because of climate change and urban population growth, which is leaving increasing numbers of people vulnerable and susceptible to the effects of disasters.

Sahana fills a unique niche in the toolkit of emergency and disaster response agencies because it facilitates critical information sharing and coordination of efforts across all types of organizations and individuals involved, and is readily flexible to the needs that arise from any particular disaster. The software has its roots in the open source business community and has always been strongly supported by that industry. In this article, we describe an industry opportunity in HFOSS and provide evidence that Sahana software can be successfully commercialized. These factors make it a ripe time for open source businesses to engage cooperatively with the Sahana Software Foundation to support the growth of a service industry around Sahana software and HFOSS.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/400},
	author = {Mark Prutsalis}
}
@article {351,
	title = {Integrating the Power of Open Source Telephony with Web 2.0 Technology},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {For technology companies seeking to harness powerful open source technologies, few can argue against the usefulness of modern Web 2.0 platforms. Considering how ubiquitous the Internet has become, an entrepreneur would certainly be ill-advised to not use some Web 2.0 platform to facilitate access to Communication Enabled Applications.

This article enumerates the lessons learned by one startup in order to demonstrate the need for a balanced approach to CEA to facilitate access to untapped markets.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/351},
	author = {Jean-Pierre Poulin}
}
@article {391,
	title = {A New Engine of Economic Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As our global economy shifts from one dominated by production to one based on knowledge, governments are looking for new ways to add value to the people they serve. Open Government initiatives have emerged as one response to these new economic realities. In this article, we discuss how the theory of a multi-sided stakeholder platform can be applied to create an innovative engine of regional economic development. We describe that engine, its parts, and the value that the participants realize from it. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/391},
	author = {Robert Poole}
}
@article {366,
	title = {Q\&A. What business models are currently used with open source software?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over the past 15 years, I have seen OSS move from a technological novelty or curiosity to a key foundational element of our information economy. As a technology lawyer, I have found it fascinating to witness the parallel evolution of business models in this space. To answer this question, I will give a broad overview of some of the established and emerging OSS business models that companies, organizations, and individuals are currently using.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/366},
	author = {Thomas Prowse}
}
@article {268,
	title = {Applied Collaboration Studios: Transforming Complex Problems into Systems of Continuous Social Innovation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper asserts that the voluntary or social sector plays a pivotal role in generating and disseminating social innovations through collaboration with diverse partners. The authors explore the potential to engender a quantum shift in the sector{\textquoteright}s efficiency, reach, and impact through the combined use of open source technologies, social process tools and collaboration platforms. The objective is to contribute to a new generation of intelligent social systems, enabling an evolutionary recalibration of relationships among ourselves, our social and economic institutions, and the planet.

As a means of integrating and disseminating the most promising approaches, the concept of Applied Collaboration Studios is proposed. Its primary activities would be: i) dissemination of open source technologies; ii) ongoing instruction and coaching in the use of social process tools; iii) the assembly and launch of multiple collaboration platforms; and iv) collaboration with other like initiatives to create ecologies of scale that inform and precipitate systems change toward greater resilience.

The paper concludes with a reflection on the conditions necessary for such a project to come into being as an open source initiative, and an invitation to contribute to an ongoing discussion. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/268},
	author = {Stephen Huddart and Anil Patel}
}
@article {261,
	title = {The GNOME Foundation Is All About People},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As open source projects mature, they tend to join or create foundations which manage the project{\textquoteright}s financial and software assets, provide a marketing and legal entity, and sometimes help to set the direction of the project. As non-profit organizations, foundations have a specific structure defined by the jurisdiction in which they were formed. This structure typically includes a volunteer board of directors and sometimes paid staff such as a secretary or executive director.

As Executive Director of the GNOME Foundation, I am often asked "what do you do?". This article will introduce the structure of the GNOME project and its Foundation, describe how the Foundation works to support the GNOME project, and discuss the roles of the people within the GNOME Foundation. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/261},
	author = {Stormy Peters}
}
@article {241,
	title = {An Introduction to Open APIs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {04/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides a glossary of terms associated with open APIs which can serve as an introduction to the other articles in this issue of the OSBR. We conclude with some additional resources, video and text, which present further thoughts on the business value inherent in open APIs.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/241},
	author = {TIM Program}
}
@article {311,
	title = {Motivating Stakeholders for Co-created Innovation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Today{\textquoteright}s profit orientation forces companies to focus on their core competencies and, at the same time, provide customers with multiple new offerings. To meet these two requirements, companies need to develop innovations in collaboration with different stakeholders including suppliers, customers, and users. While Managers and researchers discuss the benefits coming from the process of co-creating innovations with the various stakeholders, little is known about what motivates different stakeholders to engage in the co-creation of innovations. The purpose of this article is to highlight the first results of a qualitative study that focuses on the different types of value stakeholders can expect from co-creating innovations.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/311},
	author = {Alex Pedrosa}
}
@article {222,
	title = {The Role of Consumers Within an Open Source Community},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The software provided by the GNOME Project is produced by a large community comprised of several thousand developers, translators, quality assurance testers, and documentation writers. Consumers are represented in the community by technical users and organizations that distribute GNOME technologies. And while the community reaches out regularly to non-technical end users and welcomes any that approach the community, these two worlds rarely interact. 

This article draws upon our experience within the GNOME Project to examine the question "Why do consumers and the community rarely interact?". Our insights may prove useful for other projects and consumers wishing more interaction.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/222},
	author = {Stormy Peters}
}
@article {250,
	title = {Use of Open Source Software by the Brazilian Government},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In most countries, government initiatives that encourage the use of open source software are primarily motivated by the goal of reducing costs. In Brazil, the goal is different. According to Rog?rio Santanna, Secretary of Logistics and IT at the Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management, "open source is a strategic choice of the Brazilian Federal Government since 2003 because it reduces costs, increases the competition, creates jobs and develops the knowledge and intelligence of our country. Our preference for open source is not motivated only by economic aspects. But there is also the possibility to develop new products, distribute the knowledge, access to new technologies and to stimulate the development of software in collaborative environments". 

This article shows how the Brazilian Government is using OSS, gives some examples of successful Brazilian projects that use OSS, explains some difficulties for implementing OSS, and makes a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of using OSS.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/250},
	author = {Edgy Paiva}
}
@article {174,
	title = {A Flat Network for the Unflat World: Open Educational Resources in Developing Countries},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open educational resources (OER) apply the principles of openness - particularly the freedoms of use, modification and redistribution - to digital materials for teaching, learning, and research.  OER can potentially touch all areas of education, from elementary schools to higher education to professional development all over the world, but we are particularly excited about the potential to expand access to education in developing countries. That is the focus of our research and the topic of this article.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/174},
	author = {Steven Muegge and Monica Mora and Kamal Hassin and Andrew Pullin}
}
@article {193,
	title = {Free and Open Source Licenses in Community Life},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to examine how software licenses in build and shape political and technological boundaries.

We examine the cases of the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System( GRASS) geographical information system and the OpenSolaris operating system. The first project is GPL licensed software developed by a worldwide community of voluntary programmers; the second project is sponsored by a company and released under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) license.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/193},
	author = {Stefano De Paoli and Maurizio Teli and Vincenzo D{\textquoteright}Andrea}
}
@article {121,
	title = {How is Copyright Relevant to Source Data and Source Code?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {02/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {One of the essentials of a healthy and democratic economy is that the rules of engagement should be understandable to people whose interests are affected by them.

There are two aspects of copyright law to which all software and database professionals ought to be familiar, but usually are not. First, they should know that factual data listed in an obvious structure is not covered by copyright law, no matter how much work went into collecting it. Second, they should know that under the Canadian Copyright Act, programming code is considered to be a "literary work".

This article outlines how copyright is related to source data and source code, and why this is important to both technical and business professionals in the field.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/121},
	author = {Joseph Potvin}
}
@article {158,
	title = {Language Insecurity},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Developing reliable and secure software has become a challenging task, mainly because of the unmanageable complexity of the software systems we build today. Software flaws have many causes, but our observations show that they mostly come from two broad sources: i) design, such as a malicious or unintentional backdoor; and ii) implementation, such as a buffer overflow.

To address these problems, our research group at Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Valcartier first worked on design issues. A prototype of a UML design verifier was built. Our approach was successful, but we faced two difficulties: i) specifying interesting security properties at the design level; and ii) scalability of the verification process. Building on this experience, we studied design patterns for the implementation of security mechanisms. The output was a security design pattern catalog, available from the authors, that can help software architects choose mature and proven designs instead of constantly trying to reinvent the wheel.

This paper addresses the implementation issues from our evaluation of currently available automatic source code verifiers that search for program sanity and security bugs. From this evaluation, it becomes clear that the choice of programming language to use when starting an open source project can have many important consequences on security, maintainability, reliability, speed of development, and collaboration. As a corollary, software quality is largely dependent on the adequacy of the programming language with respect to the desired properties of the system developed. Therefore, the adoption of open source software (OSS) should consider the programming language that was used. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/158},
	author = {Frederic Michaud and Frederic Painchaud}
}
@article {123,
	title = {The Personal Research Portal},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {02/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital technologies have forever changed the way that knowledge is disseminated and accessed. Yet, the main problem knowledge workers face is invisibility: if people don{\textquoteright}t know that you know, and people are not aware of what you know, you do not exist.

Governments and institutions are being pushed to foster Open Access (OA) literature as a way to achieve universal reach of research diffusion at inexpensive and immediate levels. Most efforts have been made at the institutional level, dedicating little energy to what the individual can do to contribute. The philosophy and tools around web 2.0 bring clear opportunities for individuals to contribute and to build a broader personal presence on the Internet and a better diffusion for their work, interests or publications.

We propose the concept of the personal research portal (PRP) as a means to create a digital identity for knowledge workers--tied to one{\textquoteright}s digital public notebook and personal repository--and a virtual network of colleagues working in the same field. Complementary to formal publishing or taking part in offline meetings, the PRP would be a knowledge management system that would enhance reading, storing, and creation at both the private and public levels, and contribute to create an online identity that, in turn, will help to create  a network whose currency is knowledge.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/123},
	author = {Ismael Pe{\~n}a-L{\'o}pez}
}
@article {196,
	title = {Treasury of the iCommons: Reflections of a Commons Sourcing Lawyer},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article advances the thesis that commons sourcing is the emerging third wave of commercial transformation. It begins with the iCommons concept and its origin in open source software (OSS) methodologies and emergence in other business models. It then defines commons sourcing and situates it with respect to the two earlier waves of commercial transformation. It concludes with some reflections by a commons sourcing lawyer.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/196},
	author = {Thomas Prowse}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Conference Report: Open Education 2007},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open Education Resources (OER) are educational material and resources that the general public can freely use for teaching, learning, and research. Like Open Source Software (OSS), OER contain content that is freely reused and redistributed without the traditional restrictions imposed by copyright. OER also includes the tools used to develop, improve, and distribute this content to communities. 

The Open Education 2007: Localizing and Learning  conference was held at Utah State University in September. The conference focused on the ability of people to learn as simply publishing OER content online does not guarantee that it can be effectively used for learning. This theme was investigated from two perspectives. The first was from the developer perspective with the sharing of efforts to localize the educational content and make it more relevant to the people using it. The second was from the user perspective where organizations utilizing or deploying OER spoke of their experiences, challenges, and successes. 

This report provides an overview of the sustainability, localization, technological, legal and interoperability issues raised at the conference. It concludes with the authors{\textquoteright} views regarding the future direction of OERs, based on their research being conducted at Carleton University{\textquoteright}s Technology Innovation Management program.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/59},
	author = {Andrew Pullin and Kamal Hassin and Monica Mora}
}
@article {54,
	title = {Enterprise Open Source Support},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) has permeated the enterprise. Some organizations still prohibit the use of OSS altogether, but they are unquestionably in the minority. For most companies, it{\textquoteright}s not a question of "should we use OSS"? but rather, "how and where can we best take advantage of open source solutions"? 

As companies have shifted from prohibiting OSS use to embracing it, they must now deal with technical support issues. This article examines the various option available to support companies that use OSS.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/54},
	author = {Stormy Peters}
}
@article {64,
	title = {Five Stage Approach to Licensing},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article will set out a practical five stage approach to Open Source Software (OSS) legal issues for organizations that are working, or thinking of working, in this area.  While OSS affords a plethora of legal challenges and ongoing developments that merit treatment, I will focus on a general framework for managing OSS legal issues.  Since I will provide general legal information and not legal advice, I strongly encourage your organization to work with legal counsel with competency in the OSS area to address its specific circumstances.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/64},
	author = {Thomas Prowse}
}
@article {96,
	title = {Ontario Research Commercialization Program},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Brad DeFoe and Dmitri Prokopiev describe the Ontario Research Commercialization Program.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/96},
	author = {Brad DeFoe and Dmitri Prokopiev}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Open Source Licensing in the Enterprise},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Studies show that most open source projects are licensed under the General Public License (GPL) and it is estimated that over 75\% of open source projects are licensed under either the GPL or the LGPL (Lesser GPL). Yet, it has been my company{\textquoteright}s experience that the open source software used by our enterprise customers is primarily Apache licensed software. This article examines several factors which may shed some light on this disparity, including the issues raised by enterprise customers and the software product selection process used by OpenLogic (http://www.openlogic.com).},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/65},
	author = {Stormy Peters}
}
