@article {1427,
	title = {The Acceptance of Digital Surveillance in an Age of Big Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {32-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {32},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {News media companies and human rights organizations have been increasingly warning about the rise of the surveillance state that builds on distrust and mass surveillance of its citizens. The COVID-19 pandemic is fostering digitalization and state-corporate collaboration, leading to the introduction of contact tracing apps and other digital surveillance technologies that bring about societal benefits, but also increase privacy invasion. This study examines citizens{\textquoteright} concerns about their digital identity, the nation-state{\textquoteright}s intelligence activities, and the security of biodata, addressing their impacts on the trust in and acceptance of governmental use of personal data. Our analysis of survey data from 1,486 Canadians suggest that those concerns have negative impacts on citizens{\textquoteright} acceptance of governmental use of personal data, but not necessarily on their trust in the nation-state being respectful of privacy. Government and corporations, it is concluded, should be more transparent about the collection and uses of data, and citizens should be more active in "watching the watchers" in the age of Big Data.},
	keywords = {Acceptance, Biometric, Citizen Privacy, digital identity, Digital surveillance, Intelligence activities, Mass surveillance, personal data, privacy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1427},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1427},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Diane A. Isabelle and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1442,
	title = {Barriers to Value Specification when Carrying out Digitalization Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {54-64},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {54},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If digitalization projects aim to effectively create value for a company, one precondition is having a shared view among company staff and project members of what the "desirable" value is. However, it has been shown that few companies fully understand the value that digitalization projects can create for them, while many companies still launch digitalization projects without having gained much understanding. This contributes to the current "alarmingly" low success rate for digitalization projects. Developing effective methods to specify the desired values of digitalization projects has hence become important. One step in developing improved specification methods is to ask what the possible barriers are to improving current value specification practices. The purpose of the current study is to address this. We analyzed several digitalization projects regarding how specifications of desired project value were carried out, finding that very limited resources are spent on specifying desired values in digitalization projects, this limits project success. Likewise, there are several barriers to increasing resources for specifying desired values. Our findings contribute to understanding the development of value specification methods that aim to overcome these barriers and thus could help improve the success rate of digitalization projects.},
	keywords = {automation, digitalization, effectiveness, resource-efficiency, Value specification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1442},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1442},
	author = {Sten Grahn and Anna Granlund and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1425,
	title = {The Catch-22 in Strategizing for Radical Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {4-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate strategy development is a well-oiled and recurring process in most established companies. Innovation strategy, however, especially for radical innovation, is new and unknown territory. This creates challenges for companies with radical innovation ambitions. We followed the innovation strategy work of nine large organisations, finding that they all struggle with the process and how to link innovation with corporate strategy in a meaningful way, while at the same time not hampering the innovative ambitions of the organisation. We identify two main challenges of gravitation and alignment, and develop a framework aimed at asking the questions necessary for increasing awareness about inherent business challenges, and how to overcome them at the intersection between corporate and innovation strategy work.},
	keywords = {corporate strategy, innovation strategy, radical innovation, strategy challenges},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1425},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1425},
	author = {Helle Alsted S{\o}ndergaard and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Nicolai S{\o}ndergaard Laugesen}
}
@article {1445,
	title = {A Cross-Pollination of Ideas about Distributed Ledger Technological Innovation through a Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral lens: Insights from the Blockchain Technology Symposium {\textquoteright}21},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {58-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {58},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain Technology Symposium 2021 (BTS{\textquoteright}21) is a forum where academic researchers, industry professionals, and decision makers came together to present recent advancements, discuss adoption barriers, tackle common challenges, and explore future roadmaps surrounding blockchain and its related technologies such as consensus algorithms, smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledger technologies generally. As a follow-up to BTS{\textquoteright}18 and BTS{\textquoteright}20, which were hosted by Ryerson University and The Fields Institute, and by popular demand, BTS 2021 gathered a diverse audience from academia, industry, and policy makers to engage in a dialogue around crucial topics in the adoption of blockchain technology, with the aim of cross-fertilizing ideas from these communities to address the challenges and seize the opportunities brought forward by this promising technology. BTS{\textquoteright}21 featured multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral talks and presentations on four major themes: (1) decentralized finance (DeFi), (2) decentralized identity, (3) decentralized health and (4) decentralized supply chain management. This article provides reflections on some of the key insights found in the BTS\&rsquo;21 presentations.},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralization, decentralized finance, decentralized health, decentralized identity, decentralized supply chains, distributed ledgers, innovation, technology adoption, technology management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1445},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1445},
	author = {Victoria L. Lemieux and Atefeh Mashatan and Rei Safavi-Naini and Jeremy Clark}
}
@article {1460,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (9/10, 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1460},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1460},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1446,
	title = {An Exploration of Blockchain-based Traceability in Food Supply Chains: On the Benefits of Distributed Digital Records from Farm to Fork},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There are growing internal and external pressures for traceability in food supply chains due to food scandals. Traceability refers to tracking food from the consumer back to the farm and vice versa for quality control and management. However, many traceability solutions have failed to meet the needs of supply chain stakeholders. Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust.},
	keywords = {blockchain, distributed ledger technology, food innovation, Food safety, food supply chain, supply chain management, traceability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1446},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1446},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Soham Nene and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {1464,
	title = {Living Labs for Public Sector Innovation: insights from a European case study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {47-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {47},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs have gained increased attention in research and practice as both a practical and theoretical innovation phenomenon that emphasizes co-creation, real-life settings, and user/customer involvement. More recently, living labs have also emerged as a specific approach to open innovation processes in the context of publics across the EU. Nevertheless, it is still not clear how the understanding of living labs can be translated and organized into new sectorial settings, what type of public sector innovation challenges it addresses, and what role citizens and users have. The aim of this article is therefore to explore and analyze how living labs are applied as processes for public sector innovation. Based on a mixed method approach of 21 European living lab cases, the analysis reveals a pattern of three different processes for living lab organizational and actor roles: living labs organized as cross-sectorial collaboration, living labs emerging within the public sector as main initiator and beneficiary, and living labs developed by civil society actors. The findings are presented as three scenarios for implementing living labs, which also acts as a background for the article{\textquoteright}s final discussion about the potentials and pitfalls of living labs in public sector contexts.},
	keywords = {Citizen engagement, co-creation, living labs, Open innovation, Public sector innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1464},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1464},
	author = {Anne Vorre Hansen and Lars Fuglsang and Christine Liefooghe and Luis Rubalcaba and David Gago and Ines Mergel \& Nathalie Haug and Maria Taivalsaari R{\o}hneb{\ae}k \& Francesco Mureddu}
}
@article {1448,
	title = {A Practitioner{\textquoteright}s View on Distributed Storage Systems: Overview, Challenges and Potential Solutions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {32-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {32},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper provides an overview on how content can be managed with a blockchain or other distributed ledger technology (DLT), and what challenges need to be addressed in managing this content as part of transactions. Transactions on a blockchain may require supporting documents, for example, photos, reference documents, or actual contracts. As DLTs becoming an increasingly popular method to complete transactions and share information, several issues are arising that need to be addressed, such as: Where should this electronic content in documents be stored? Will the storage system have the features and functionality to properly manage this content through the "information lifecycle", including the retention and disposition of business records based on legal and regulatory requirements? The paper presents an overview of the emerging technology involved with distributed storage systems. It presents five solutions currently available, including their designs, how they secure and store files, and whether or not these files can be deleted in order to meet record disposition requirements and regulations. The discussion points out the need for alignment between multiple stakeholders and consortium members in a distributed ledger-based community with shared ecosystem scaling objectives. The challenges of scaling include the need to protect personal and sensitive information, especially when this information should normally be disposed after a record{\textquoteright}s retention period has ended.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1448},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1448},
	author = {Michel Legault}
}
@article {1415,
	title = {A Roadmap for Systematically Identifying Opportunities in Ecosystems Using Scientific Publications Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {34-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {34},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Opportunity identification is a continuous process in ecosystems. However, ambiguities and challenges associated with knowledge exploration and exploitation can retard opportunity recognition processes. This in turn may culminate in excessive expenditure of resources or loss of latent opportunities. The present study adopts an analytical approach and proposes a methodological roadmap that utilizes scientometric and text mining techniques. The roadmap uses data from Web of Science as input, and generates insights that support decision-making about resource saving, strategic planning, investment, and policymaking. Our roadmap extends methods used in studying ecosystems by combining existing and novel techniques in data analytics. Using Python and VOSViewer, we show an exemplary application of the new roadmap, framed in the context of the Nordic countries{\textquoteright} renewable energy ecosystem. },
	keywords = {ecosystem, knowledge, opportunity, roadmap, scientometrics, text mining},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1415},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1415},
	author = {Behrooz Khademi and Hannele Lampela and Kosmas X. Smyrnios}
}
@article {1473,
	title = {The Role of Digital Platforms in Resident-Centric Housing Concepts},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {45-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Platform-enabled services targeted to make everyday life easier have become increasingly available in recent decades, which in some cases challenge traditional ways of owning and working. However, comprehensive data-driven value creation opportunities, which are seamlessly connected to various needs in the everyday life of citizens or residents, are still largely untapped and unstudied. This article investigates value creation opportunities for holistic housing concepts with related ecosystems designed to combine the physical environment of residents along with a digital platform. The novelty of this study builds on a holistic understanding of value co-creation in housing, enabled by digital platforms at the ecosystem level. The empirical study focuses on a qualitative multi-case study of four holistic and resident-centric service concepts, which all include digital platforms. The main findings are concluded as follows: First, digital platforms enable various value creation opportunities in resident-centric housing concepts and related ecosystems. Second, exploring strategic choices regarding competitiveness, innovation, and growth revealed that digital platforms played various roles such as informative, supportive, integrative, or even embedded in novel housing as a service platform concepts, which call for totally new orchestration and business models across traditional industrial and ecosystem boundaries. Third, in light of the basic mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness and growth in data and a platform economy, we identify two main alternative strategic approaches. The findings serve both practitioners and researchers exploring opportunities of a platform economy, with a particular benefit for those in largely unstudied housing markets.},
	keywords = {digital platforms, housing, platform design, platform ecosystems, S-D logic, value creation and capture},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1473},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1473},
	author = {Inka Lappalainen and Maija Federley}
}
@article {1465,
	title = {Rural Living Labs: Inclusive Digital Transformation in the Countryside},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {59-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {59},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital transformation (DT) has received increasing attention in recent years. Up until now, most of the current studies focus on digital transformation in advanced and dense societies, especially urban areas and technologies. Hence, the phenomenon of DT is under-researched in the context of rural and sparsely populated contexts. This study aims at exploring how a rural living lab (RLL) can be shaped and how this approach can be designed to support digital transformation processes in rural contexts. In so doing, following a design science research methodology (DSRM) approach, we have made an artefact (that is, RLL framework) that is an "instantiation" that supports user centric digitalization of rural areas. The designed framework is developed based on the key components of "traditional" and "urban" living labs, as well as empirical data which was collected within the context of the DigiBy project. The DigiBy project aims at conducting DT pilots in rural areas to elevate peoples{\textquoteright} understanding of digitalization and the application of digitalization opportunities for service development in rural areas in the north of Sweden. As a result of these studies, five key components that guide the design of digital transformation pilots in rural areas emerged, namely: 1) rural context, 2) digitalization, 3) governance, control, and business mode, 4) methods facilitating DT processes, and 5) quintuple helix actors. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the rural living lab concept, followed by avenues for future research.},
	keywords = {Components, digital transformation, Living lab, Rural living lab, Rural residents, user engagement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1465},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1465},
	author = {Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Johanna Lindberg and Mari Runardotter and Yomn Elmistikawy and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Diana Chron{\'e}er}
}
@article {1472,
	title = {Technology Project Summaries as a Predictor of Crowdfunding Success},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {33-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {33},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdfunding has emerged in recent years as an important alternative means for technology entrepreneurs to raise funds for their products and business ideas. While the success rate of crowdfunding projects is somewhat low, scholarly understanding of what distinguishes projects that reach their fundraising goals from those that fail remains incomplete. Further, studies on crowdfunding success often examine a number of variables that make predicting success a challenge for entrepreneurs wiling to use crowdfunding. This study uses topic modelling on a data set of over 21,000 technology projects from Kickstarter to investigate if short-text project summaries can reveal predictors of fundraising success on crowdfunding platforms. The results indicate that compared to those that fail in fundraising, project summaries of successfully funded technology projects put forward more trendy topics, use wording that reflects novelty, and focus on solving a social problem. Our results contribute to theory and practice by suggesting the importance of summarizing project content for crowdfunding success.},
	keywords = {backers, crowdfunding, failure, funding, fundraising, Kickstarter, prediction, project, success, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1472},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1472},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Ishdeep Singh and Mervi Rajahonka and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1418,
	title = {A Year Acquiring and Publishing Drone Aerial Images in Research on Agriculture, Forestry, and Private Urban Gardens},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Drone imaging has been shown to have increasing value in monitoring and analysing different kinds of processes related to agriculture and forestry. In long-term monitoring and observation tasks, huge amounts of image data are produced and stored. Environmental drone image datasets may have value beyond the studies that produced the data. A collection of image datasets from multiple data producers can, for example, provide more diverse training input for a machine learning model for vegetation classification, compared with a single dataset limited in time and location. To ensure reproducible research, research data such as image datasets should be published in usable and undegraded form, with sufficient metadata. Timely storage in a stable research data repository is recommended, to avoid loss of data. This work presents research datasets of 2020 drone images acquired from agricultural and forestry research sites of H{\"a}me University of Applied Sciences, and from H{\"a}meenlinna urban areas. Those images that do not contain personal data are made freely available under a Creative Commons Attribution license. For images containing personal data, such as images of private homes, privacy preserving forms of data sharing may be possible in the future.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1418},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1418},
	author = {Olli Niemitalo and Eero Koskinen and Jari Hyv{\"a}luoma and Esa Lientola and Henrik Lindberg and Olli Koskela and Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1372,
	title = {A Conceptual Development of a Business Model Typology in Tourism: the impact of digitalization and location},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {17-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper aims to conceptually develop a business model typology in tourism. It focuses on digitalization and destination location as important contextual factors when developing the typology. The paper builds on prior research on business models and tourism research by adopting configuration theory to create a typology of business models in tourism businesses. Four business model archetypes are identified: (1) bricks and mortar business models, (2) digitalized destinations, (3) create a destination, and (4) intermediary business models. The typology contributes to the literature by identifying different types of business models in the tourism sector. The typology also helps to ground the business model concept theoretically, something that has been considered as missing in previous business model research.},
	keywords = {business models, configurations, destination, digitalization, location, technology, tourism, typology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1372},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1372},
	author = {Gabriel Linton and Christina {\"O}berg}
}
@article {1386,
	title = {Designing a Visual Tool for Teaching and Learning Front-End Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper presents work on the design and development of a guided visual tool, the project client map (PCM), which is intended to assist students in their class projects solving real-world problems with industry clients. We use a design science research approach to contribute to existing knowledge through the design of an artefact (the PCM) that has a clear educational and learning goal, and that provides utility. Circumscribing a problem is an essential step to seed the ideation process in front-end innovation. While this step can employ existing tools that focus separately on the organisational, environmental, and human contexts of the problem under scrutiny, there is no formalised roadmap for how to integrate these tools. The PCM addresses this gap. We present a first version of the PCM in this paper, which will be refined in further work.},
	keywords = {design thinking, Evidence-based Learning, Evidence-based Teaching, front-end innovation, Problematisation, Visual tools},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1386},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1386},
	author = {Priscilla Kan John and Emmaline Lear and Patrick L{\textquoteright}Espoir Decosta and Shirley Gregor and Stephen Dann and Ruonan Sun}
}
@article {1401,
	title = {How to Digitally Enhance Bioeconomy Collaboration: Multidisciplinary Research Team Ideation for Technology Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {31-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {31},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this paper we examine the potential of digital platforms for managing multidisciplinary collaboration and particularly the ideation processes of multidisciplinary research and development in the case of technology-supported vertical farming. The article draws on research data from semi-structured interviews and a collaborative workshop that was conducted with researchers representing biological, digital, and technological domains. The results of this research indicate that digital platforms may offer impactful, process-accelerating support during the kick-off phase of multidisciplinary technological innovations. A digital platform can support ideation and the prioritisation of ideas and can be especially fruitful when paired with face to face discussion and non-digital interaction.},
	keywords = {digitally enhanced teamwork, ideation, Multidisciplinarity, sustainability, technological innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1401},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1401},
	author = {Essi Ryymin and Laura Lamberg and Annukka Pakarinen}
}
@article {1328,
	title = {Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis for New Technologies: An approach for collaborative R\&D projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {37-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {37},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In order to effectively shape the impact of an innovation on sustainability, the early phases of the innovation process are crucial. This is especially true for complex collaborative R\&D projects with multiple partners. We have found that there is an increasing need for simple methods that enable partners in such R\&D projects to guide them towards sustainability-oriented innovations (SOI). In response, we have developed a methodology called Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis (IISA). It is based on the early involvement of stakeholders, along with a sustainability assessment of the planned innovation to provide feedback loops into technology development. The overall goal of the method is to improve the potential impact on sustainability in the three dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. The IISA method and its application in two collaborative R\&D projects with several research and industry partners that serve as practical examples, is presented and discussed in this paper.},
	keywords = {Innovation and sustainability analysis; R\&D collaborations; sustainability-oriented innovation; stakeholder dialogue; stakeholder integration.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1328},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1328},
	author = {Johannes Gasde and Philipp Preiss and Claus Lang-Koetz}
}
@article {1371,
	title = {The Role of Analytics in Data-Driven Business Models of Multi-Sided Platforms: An exploration in the food industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The collection and use of data play an increasingly important role in the growth and success of today\&rsquo;s digital multi-sided platforms (MSPs). However, many aspiring MSPs lack effective strategies for using data to establish a profitable data-driven business model (DDBM). This study explores how MSPs in the food industry can utilize data to develop such a DDBM. Based on an analysis of seven illustrative cases of high-growth MSPs, namely food delivery and meal kit providers, the study identifies eight factors that reveal the role of analytics in those firms\&rsquo; DDBM, and further classifies them into three DDBM boosters. The findings contribute to our extant knowledge on MSPs and DDBM by addressing how digital platforms in the food industry can leverage big data to optimize their current business processes, predict future value of their product and service offerings, and develop their partnerships.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1371},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1371},
	author = {Diane Isabelle and Mika Westerlund and Mohnish Mane and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1395,
	title = {Sustainability-related Communication Patterns on the Websites of European Top R\&D Spenders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many firms struggle to incorporate "sustainability" into their operations in a way that can capture economic value and deliver social and environmental benefits. This article aims to answer two questions in this regard: (i) How do companies articulate the sustainability aspects of their businesses online, and (ii) In what ways does the degree of articulation of specific sustainability aspects relate to company performance metrics, such as sales and R\&D expenditure. The research method measures the occurrences of a set of sustainability-related keywords on the websites of a sample of 387 firms that were ranked as top R\&D spenders in Europe for 2013. We processed the keyword occurrences in a simplified version of latent semantic analysis based on the application of principal component analysis to identify the specific combinations of words used by companies to communicate sustainability issues on their websites. The results show that "sustainable innovation" and "sustainable operations" based on partnerships and cooperation represent a dominant part of companies{\textquoteright} online communication strategies. One of the findings suggests a strong relationship between the communication of sustainable innovation aspects and sales, which offers a promising message to companies looking for evidence about the potential impact of their commitment to sustainable operations and innovation.},
	keywords = {business decision-making, online communication, online data collection, principal component analysis, R\&D, research and development, sustainability, sustainable innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1395},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1395},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta and Stoyan Tanev and Andrea Gorra and Alicja Izabela Pospieszala}
}
@article {1355,
	title = {Values and Practices behind Collaborative Childcare in Knowledge-based Organizations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {41-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {41},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New forms of socializing care that leverage community networks and are based on alternative social arrangements are being experimented with in different grassroots contexts. They are being framed as innovative practices to facilitate the integration of professional and caring responsibilities. In this changing landscape, the private sector might benefit from new forms of welfare policies and family-friendly practices that are based on the co-participation of employees, and encouraged by public policies targeting workplace solutions for childcare. This paper intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on socio-technical innovation in management by exploring how collaborative childcare services might be deployed in workplace settings. At the same time, it investigates the role of digital technology in facilitating employees{\textquoteright} engagement and participation.},
	keywords = {Collaborative workplace practices, Employee participation, Grounded design., Sharing networks, Work-life balance},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1355},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1355},
	author = {Gianluca Schiavo and Chiara Leonardi and Massimo Zancanaro}
}
@article {1231,
	title = {Bridging Participatory Policy Trends and Research Traditions through Social Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {27-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study explores whether social innovation may serve as a bridge between participatory policy trends and research traditions when striving for improved societal relevance and impact of research and innovation (R\&I). Despite their shared aim of relevance and impact through civic involvement, European R\&I policies and participatory action research approaches seldom refer to each other or harness each other{\textquoteright}s resources. The study advances the knowledge regarding how the participatory elements in the policies and research approaches relate through a participatory case study of a joint R\&I process to develop a model for social innovation support in Sweden. The case study helps distinguish potential synergies between various degrees of involvement advocated in the policies and research approaches, as well as between the reliance on trending policy concepts vs. scientific notions of validity. Social innovation is perceived as a potential bridge between these elements, as it draws upon participatory academic traditions, while simultaneously tapping into current policy trends of co-creation, in the development of new approaches and solutions to societal challenges. },
	keywords = {action research, co-creation, innovation, participatory research, social innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1231},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1231},
	author = {Malin Lindberg and Daniel Hallencreutz and Anna Tengqvist}
}
@article {1228,
	title = {Editorial: Action Research (April 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, innovation, participative, participatory research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1228},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1228},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Magnus Hoppe and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1236,
	title = {Editorial: Action Research (May 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, innovation, participative, participatory research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1236},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1236},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Magnus Hoppe and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1212,
	title = {E-Leadership in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Developing World},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {64-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economies of many developing countries. A critical challenge faced by SME leaders, as digitization continues, is how to adopt digital technologies to create value and enable faster product commercialization. There is a paucity of empirical research examining how e-leadership in SMEs drives technology and new product commercialization processes in the developing world. In this study, we have broadened the notion of what constitutes e-leadership, from the perspective of how advanced information technologies affect the leadership dynamic and the appropriation of advanced information technologies. Although there have been several studies on leading technologies in developed countries, we focus on developing an e-leadership framework for SMEs in developing economies. Using this framework and five selection criteria, we conducted 11 interviews with a sample of successful SMEs selected from a pool of 2,240 firms in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. We conclude by highlighting the five key findings of this study, which explain how SMEs can develop effective e-leadership to foster commercialization and improve firm performance.},
	keywords = {commercialization, developing country, digital technology, e-leadership, small- and medium-sized enterprises, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1212},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1212},
	author = {Maksim Belitski and Bain Liversage}
}
@article {1275,
	title = {Giving Science Innovation Systems a {\textquoteright}Nudge{\textquoteright}},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {51-61},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {51},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article we consider the role that contextual factors play in science innovation systems \&ndash; that is, the choice architecture, that influences the orientation and outcomes of publicly-funded research. More specifically, we examine how choice architects, particularly policymakers and funding administrators, can affect the decision-making behaviour of researchers. The context for today\&rsquo;s science innovation systems continues to shift as governments seek solutions to the world\&rsquo;s \&ldquo;grand societal challenges\&rdquo;, such as climate change and ageing populations, in addition to greater and more demonstrable impact from funded research. This means that the assumptions of \&ldquo;basic research [being] performed without thought of practical ends\&rdquo; (Bush, 1945) that have shaped such projects, actually run counter to the growing expectations of greater commercialisation and use of multidisciplinary mission-led approaches. We argue that a closer examination of the choice architecture for publicly-funded research is required to understand and address how these potentially conflicting objectives may be pursued most productively through interventions that could form the basis of a novel, behaviourally-based toolkit for science innovation policy.},
	keywords = {behavioural economics, behavioural science, choice architecture, innovation policy, mission-led science, research impact.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1275},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1275},
	author = {Kirsty de Jong and Urs Daellenbach and Sally Davenport and Jarrod Haar and Shirley Leitch}
}
@article {1239,
	title = {How to Develop an Impactful Action Research Program: Insights and Lessons from a Case Study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {34-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Action research holds great potential for helping bridge the gap between research and practice. By working closely together, researchers and practitioners can develop tangible customized solutions based on research findings. It becomes possible to go beyond generic best practices that might need adaptation for successful implementation and use, or that may not apply at all in some contexts. In this article, the mechanisms through which action research can create the desired change and impact in both industry and academia are illustrated by describing the relevance and contribution of the main steps of a longitudinal action research program in a Canadian manufacturing company. The authors share four guiding principles and six success factors that were revealed intuitively in the course of this multi-year research program. Their hope is to contribute to a better understanding of how it is possible to develop an adaptive action research methodology to increase the potential for research relevance and organizational change. },
	keywords = {action research, guiding principles, Innovation management, research practice gap, success factors},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1239},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1239},
	author = {Victoria Lakiza and Isabelle Deschamps}
}
@article {1281,
	title = {The Impact of Digitalization and Resources on Gaining Competitive Advantage in International Markets: Mediating Role of Marketing, Innovation and Learning Capabilities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {26-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {26},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {International Entrepreneurship as a field of studies depends on digitalization as an essential factor that drives internationalization. Riding on the wave of digitalization, firms can produce and market their products and services globally through digital platforms with reduced costs and time savings. Yet, digitalization as a determinant of competitive advantages for small and medium enterprises in international markets is rarely examined. This study fills the gap by testing the direct and indirect effects of digitalization on enterprise, specifically focusing on price, product and service advantages in digitalized international markets. Based on the data collected from 143 exporting SME manufacturers in Malaysia, results from our analysis revealed that digitalization has no direct effect on competitive advantage, but rather has strong indirect effects on product and service advantages. Managers and policymakers can thus leverage digitalization to improve their company{\textquoteright}s internationalization plans according to its intended competitive strategies.},
	keywords = {competitive advantage, digitalization, innovation, international entrepreneurship, Learning Capabilities, marketing, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1281},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1281},
	author = {Yan Yin Lee and Mohammad Falahat}
}
@article {1251,
	title = {Is Joining a Business Incubator or Accelerator Always a Good Thing?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business incubators and accelerators are often hailed as essential tools for fostering growth in startups. However, not only do entrepreneurs often face the question of which incubator or accelerator to join, we suggest that they should also question whether or not to join one at all. Is joining a business incubator or accelerator always a good thing? In this article, we investigate some of the negative outcomes entrepreneurs can experience when engaging with an incubator or accelerator. We apply a cross-case analysis of empirical observations from qualitative interviews with Danish and Canadian entrepreneurs to arrive at a set of recommendations that entrepreneurs should keep in mind when considering such an engagement. These points are further qualified based on informal interviews with four serial entrepreneurs.},
	keywords = {accelerator, Canada, Denmark, disadvantages, incubator, Lithuania, new venture, start-up},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1251},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1251},
	author = {Kristina Lukosiute and S{\o}ren Jensen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1272,
	title = {Live and Let Die: On the Management of Creativity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {16-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {16},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Literature has pointed to the importance of feedback on creative ideas in innovation management processes. However, little is known about the practices that constitute the feedback process and their effect on employees\&rsquo; future willingness to consistently and recurrently contribute with creative ideas to organized innovation management efforts. In this research, we draw on data from a single case study at a German multinational manufacturing firm. We show the flip side of managerial attempts to provide feedback and foster employees\&rsquo; creative output. In particular, we identify distinct practices organizational actors employ along the sequence of idea generation, elaboration, championing, and implementation, and find that the practices can turn organized innovation management efforts into a political process. Furthermore, we present a virtuous and a vicious circle of managerial attempts to manage creativity in innovation processes. In doing so, we highlight the value of taking a practice lens to better understand the challenges in organized innovation management efforts and propose future research in other contexts. We suggest that managers should flexibly design organized innovation management processes to account for radical ideas and to pay close attention to a coherent communication when providing feedback and encouraging employees to contrive creative ideas. Our work contributes to the body of research on innovation management by shedding light on the dark side of organized innovation management efforts.},
	keywords = {case study, creativity, Feedback, Innovation management, Qualitative Research.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1272},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1272},
	author = {Michael Hartmann and D{\'e}sir{\'e}e Laubengaier and Kai Foerstl}
}
@article {1237,
	title = {Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part I. Rethinking Research Quality},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {6-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A core impetus of participatory and action research is making science relevant and useful for solving pressing problems and improving social conditions, and enabling stakeholders to participate in research and development processes. There are claims in the community of participatory and action research of the potential for heightened scientific excellence, but at the same time, there are critiques in the mainstream community that more engaged, even activist, stances threaten scientific norms or that position these type of research approaches outside the field of science, for example, as issues of application. In the search of clarification of the scientific identity and the specific qualities of participatory and action research, scholars have been moving away from and sometimes have rejected traditional conceptions of quality. This leads to confusion about how to relate to the discourse on research quality and scientific excellence in mainstream science. Integration in this discourse is important in order to attain academic legitimation in prevailing institutions of science, for example, in applications for funding, in seeking to publish research, and in the acceptance of dissertations based on participatory and action research. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this integration by reconstructing the way traditional quality concepts {\textendash} validity, reliability, and objectivity {\textendash} can be fruitfully used in expanded frameworks for quality where scientific excellence of participatory and action approaches are visible and where mainstream science approaches also can be harboured. In this conceptual article, reconstruction of understanding of scientific inquiry is first made based on a praxis-oriented epistemology inspired by pragmatism. Through rethinking truth as trustworthiness, new proposals for the conceptualization and frames for research quality and scientific excellence are introduced. Second, a framework for understanding purpose in science and its basis in validity, reliability, and the core characteristics of participatory and action research is developed. Third, the turn to action, practice, and participation enables plural ways of knowing and ways that knowledge claims can be validated and made trustworthy. The article concludes that participatory and action research offers a broader landscape of purpose and validation than more traditional approaches to science. In a subsequent article, reliability and objectivity, and their use in participatory and action research, will be clarified.},
	keywords = {action research, participatory research, quality},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1237},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1237},
	author = {Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1238,
	title = {Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part II. Rethinking Objectivity and Reliability},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {22-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to deal with the following question: Can the concepts of reliability and objectivity be reconceptualized and reappropriated to enable understanding of scientific excellence in participatory and action research? The article shows that it is fruitful to consider the {\textquotedblleft}subjective{\textquotedblright} and active role of researchers as vital in enabling scientific objectivity and reliability. As an expansion from a replication logic, reliability can be conceptualized as adaptive, goal-seeking, dynamically regulated processes enabled by effective organization of interactive and participatory learning processes where all participants can contribute to learning and correction in inquiry. Instead of erasing subjectivity, objectivity can be enabled by critical subjectivity, intersubjectivity, practical wisdom, impartial norms of inquiry, and open democratic dialogue. Reliability and objectivity in this understanding can be enabled by participatory and action research through skilful performance of research practices such as reflective conversations between parties, dialogue conferences, experimentation, and experiential learning as part of action-research cycles, etc., which are common in participatory and action research initiatives and projects. By rethinking validity, reliability, and objectivity, recognizing the substantially more active and participatory stances enables scientific excellence, it can expand the repertoire of strategies for promoting research quality, and it helps to mainstream this type of approach in the scientific community.},
	keywords = {action research, objectivity, participatory research, reliability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1238},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1238},
	author = {Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1265,
	title = {Smart Mobility: Services, Platforms and Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {15},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we provide novel insight into building and managing growth in a new emerging market: the operation and maintenance of a heterogeneous and expanding vehicle fleet in a smart city environment. There are several different types of players in this emerging market and a dominant player is still missing. Based on our empirical findings, we identified three key characteristics of a growing business and the ability to reach a leading position: 1) co-creation through resource integration and service exchange is preferable for responding to market demands; 2) a digital platform is critical to create the necessary knowledge for resource integration and service exchange; and 3) smart services glue the ecosystem and platform together and create the outcome that solves the defined business problem. Most importantly, all three elements\&mdash;ecosystem, platform and smart services\&mdash;create a uniform environment in which to grow the business in a new emerging market.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1265},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1265},
	author = {Jukka Pulkkinen and Jari Jussila and Atte Partanen and Igor Trotskii and Aki Laiho}
}
@article {1248,
	title = {The Status and Future of Action Research: An Interview with Professor David Coghlan},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, David Coghlan, insider action research, interiority, interview, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1248},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1248},
	author = {David Coghlan and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1247,
	title = {The Strategies of Technology Startups Within and Between Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {25-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups build strategies in order to survive within the framework of business ecosystems. However, the knowledge required to make such strategies effective is scarce. This article poses the question: {\textquotedblleft}How do small technology startups strategize within and between business ecosystems?{\textquotedblright} Based on an explorative qualitative study, this article defines and presents a dynamic strategic framework of three strategies employed by technology startups. Some startups choose to act within one defined business ecosystem, most startups use a multi-ecosystem strategy to act between and draw benefits from many business ecosystems, and the rest act as ecosystem creators that challenge the logics of existing ecosystems.},
	keywords = {boundaries, business ecosystems, entrepreneurship, startups, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1247},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1247},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Thommie Burstr{\"o}m and Martin Lindell}
}
@article {1276,
	title = {Towards a Taxonomy of E-Commerce: Characterizing Content Creator-based Business Models},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {62-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {62},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Currently, new business models can be observed in content creator-based e-commerce. The research on e-commerce has grown rapidly and new concepts have emerged such as social commerce, platforms, and user-generated content. However, no overarching perspective has yet been formulated for distinguishing new content creator-based business models within e-commerce. The aim of this paper is therefore to characterize content creator-based business models by formulating a taxonomy of e-commerce based on a structured literature review of the concepts mentioned above. The results of our study point toward eight types of content creator-based business models. Our paper outlines theoretical and practical implications for the emerging phenomenon of content creator-based business, which we refer to as intellectual commerce. In addition, we describe 19 concepts related to Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and e-commerce.},
	keywords = {consumer-to-business, Content creator-based business models, content creators, e-commerce, human-centered data economy, intellectual commerce, multisided platforms, personal data, social commerce, user-generated content},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1276},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1276},
	author = {Martin D. Mileros and Nicolette Lakemond and Robert Forchheimer}
}
@article {1218,
	title = {Understanding Digital Innovation from a Layered Architectural Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {51-63},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Managing successful digital innovation processes is a challenging task, especially when it involves heterogeneous actors with different sets of knowledge. By gaining a better understanding of how different architectural layers of digital technology interplay with digital innovation, we can be better prepared for managing the complex and messy processes that often arise when working with digital innovation. In this article, we therefore ask: How does the layered architecture of digital technology interplay with digital innovation processes? A case study approach was selected to studied events involving multiple actors in an innovation and development project called the Smart Lock project. The theoretical basis for our study is digital innovation from the perspective of knowledge exchange and relationships. A temporal bracketing strategy was used to support a process analysis of the case data. The article primarily contributes to the body of research concerning digital innovation and provides an example to practitioners of how digital innovation processes can be coordinated and managed based on the innovation at hand.},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, concept development, digital innovation, digital technology, innovation process},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1218},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1218},
	author = {Jesper Lund and Esbj{\"o}rn Ebbesson}
}
@article {1149,
	title = {Approach for a Pattern-Based Development of Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Emerging markets have become increasingly interesting for companies from industrialized countries, but the requirements in these markets differ dramatically from those in the companies{\textquoteright} traditional markets. New products and services are demanded {\textendash} so-called frugal innovations. Since the challenges for the development of frugal innovations are often quite similar {\textendash} for example, low income of the target customer, poor infrastructure, etc. {\textendash} the hypothesis appears that the solutions will also be similar. In our earlier TIM Review article (Lehner \& Gausemeier, 2016), we showed how solution patterns for frugal innovations can be derived. The article at hand summarizes those findings and supplements an innovation process for frugal innovation using the solution patterns. The validation based on the example of telemedical assistant systems shows the benefit of the pattern-based development of frugal innovations. The article addresses managers and engineers who plan to introduce frugal innovations, as well as university-based researchers interested in the development of frugal innovations.},
	keywords = {business model, emerging markets, frugal innovations, patterns, products and services},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1149},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1149},
	author = {Anne-Christin Lehner and Christian Koldewey and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier}
}
@article {1183,
	title = {Does Entrepreneurial Marketing Underrate Competition?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {16-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study aims to investigate the relationship between marketing needs and actions in entrepreneurial marketing. So doing, it explores how the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s interpretation of the needs that arise from the changes and opportunities in the business environment affects their actions in entrepreneurial marketing. We establish and test a set of hypotheses over a sample of 3,097 entrepreneur-led small firms from Finland. The results show that entrepreneurial perception of environmental pressure in terms of partners, customers, and competitors is linked to the marketing practices of small firms in terms of developing business relations, publicity, and offerings. That is, actions in entrepreneurial marketing depend on the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s ability to interpret needs based on the signals in the business environment. However, the study confirms that entrepreneurs pay less attention to competition, which affects their marketing actions, and it suggests that both research and practice of entrepreneurial marketing should pay more regard to competition.},
	keywords = {competition, entrepreneurial, environment, marketing, orientation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1183},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1183},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {1200,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (December 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {analysis, constructs, cultural space, definition, ENoLL, framework, innovation, ISPIM, lean startup, library, living labs, methodology, stakeholder},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1200},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1200},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1168,
	title = {How to Develop Innovation KPIs in an Execution-Oriented Company},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {14-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Numerous established companies look for ways to rejuvenate their innovation capabilities, as it is essential for their long-term survival. One way is through the development of key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure innovation success. However, the wrong performance measurement approach can hinder innovation efforts. This case study explores the steps and challenges associated with the development of innovation KPIs in an established execution-oriented manufacturing company. Three prerequisites are proposed for such a project in a similar context: 1) a minimal maturity level of innovation processes, 2) strategic alignment, and 3) commitment to innovation. It is also proposed that, in such an execution-oriented company, it might be more effective to start with KPIs that would encourage behaviours more favourable to innovation. Then, with stronger innovation capabilities, it will be easier to develop appropriate KPIs to measure the success of innovation endeavours. },
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1168},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1168},
	author = {Victoria Lakiza and Isabelle Deschamps}
}
@article {1205,
	title = {Key Constructs and a Definition of Living Labs as Innovation Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {51-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the growing popularity of using living labs as innovation platforms and the increasing scholarly attention toward the topic, still relatively little is known about many of their central characteristics. We use a qualitative research approach to identify key constructs of living labs and to understand how these constructs show up in the operation of living labs. So doing, we used theoretical constructs from the literature on user innovation, co-creation, and living labs to analyze a sample of membership applications to the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). The results from the content analysis of 40 applications revealed nine key constructs that are characteristic to living labs: 1) objective, 2) governance, 3) openness, 4) stakeholders, 5) funding, 6) value, 7) communications, 8) infrastructure, and 9) methods. These key constructs provide new insight that helps us to provide a definition of living labs as innovation platforms.},
	keywords = {constructs, definition, ENoLL, innovation, living labs, platform},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1205},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1205},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Christ Habib}
}
@article {1170,
	title = {A Topic Modelling Analysis of Living Labs Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {40-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study applies topic modelling analysis on a corpus of 86 publications in the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review) to understand how the phenomenon of living labs has been approached in the recent innovation management literature. Although the analysis is performed on a corpus collected from only one journal, the TIM Review has published the largest number of special issues on living labs to date, thus it reflects the advancement of the area in the scholarly literature. According to the analysis, research approaches to living labs can be categorized under seven broad topics: 1) Design, 2) Ecosystem, 3) City, 4) University, 5) Innovation, 6) User, and 7) Living lab. Moreover, each topic includes a set of characteristic subtopics. A trend analysis suggests that the emphasis of research on living labs is moving away from a conceptual focus on what living labs are and who is involved in their ecosystems to practical applications of how to design and manage living labs, their processes, and participants, especially users, as key stakeholders and in novel application areas such as the urban city context.},
	keywords = {big data, data mining, innovation, Living lab, living laboratory, research trends, text analytics, topic modeling, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1170},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1170},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {1056,
	title = {Action Research as a Framework to Evaluate the Operations of a Living Lab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {35-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we propose an action research approach to capture and act upon the delights and frustrations of panel members who participate in living lab research in order to optimize the operations of the living lab itself. We used this approach to test the effectiveness of action research in providing guidelines to practitioners to evaluate and design effective and sustainable user involvement processes in living labs. We conducted a focused literature review and an in-depth case study of both the integration of a researcher within the community and the implementation of an action research project within an existing living lab. This living lab is regarded as both a forerunner and a best-practice example in Europe. Based on our findings, we recommend co-creating the {\textquotedblleft}operations{\textquotedblright} of a living lab with the users themselves following a combined action research and living lab approach.},
	keywords = {action research, Living lab, panel management, participatory action research, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1056},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1056},
	author = {Sara Logghe and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1046,
	title = {Categorization of Innovation Tools in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the link between innovation processes and the use of innovation tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework based on the literature to analyze 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a new typology of living labs based on their innovation process characteristics and usage of tools: linearizer, iterator, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, it proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The article concludes by providing a set of implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research on living labs.},
	keywords = {innovation tool, Living lab, method, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1046},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1046},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1108,
	title = {Editorial: Blockchain (October 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {authentication, Bitcoin, blockchain, cryptography, digital identity, economics, healthcare, internal audit, services, smart contracts, transactions, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1108},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1108},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Anton Ljutic}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (February 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, business-to-business, emotions, innovation, living labs, needsfinding, operations, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1052},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1052},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1044,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (January 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {agile methods, conceptualizations, innovation labs, Innovation management, innovation tool, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1044},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1044},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1125,
	title = {Innovation by Collaboration between Startups and SMEs in Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open innovation is key to the success of many companies. It is based on the intelligent use of all possible resources, including collaborations with parties outside the firm. Although it is well known that large companies foster and use startups as experiments in their innovation process, little is known about similar activities with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this article is to report the results of research done in Switzerland on startups and SMEs. It reveals that most startups know that they must co-operate with other companies from the very beginning of their existence, and that both sides have difficulties in performing a systematic search for possible partners. Hence, to encourage the collaborative development of innovative solutions, we propose building bridges between startups and SMEs, making the identification of possible users of new technologies (SMEs) more accessible to startups, as well as making startups more identifiable by SMEs.},
	keywords = {collaboration co-operation, innovation, matchmaking, SMEs, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1125},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1125},
	author = {Fabio Mercandetti and Christine Larbig and Vincenzo Tuozzo and Thomas Steiner}
}
@article {1053,
	title = {Methods for Supporting Older Users in Communicating Their Emotions at Different Phases of a Living Lab Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {7-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on living lab methods that support the elicitation of emotions {\textendash} a key success factor in whether a design solution will be accepted and taken up over the long term. We demonstrate the use of emotional goal models to help understand what is relevant for a target user group in the early phases of design. We promote animations and storyboards to envision the context of use and to gain an understanding of how design ideas can integrate into people{\textquoteright}s lives. For the evaluation of ideas and to further understand user needs, we show how technology probes facilitate natural interactions with a suggested solution concept. All methods have in common that they enable older adults without design or development experience to participate in the design process and work towards a meaningful solution by helping to communicate feelings and goals that are often hard to define. Lastly, we present a process model that demonstrates our emotion-led design toolkit at various phases of a living lab process. },
	keywords = {aging well, co-design methods, emotion-led design, expressing emotions, Living lab, personal alarm systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1053},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1053},
	author = {Sonja Pedell and Alen Keirnan and Gareth Priday and Tim Miller and Antonette Mendoza and Antonio Lopez-Lorca and Leon Sterling}
}
@article {1106,
	title = {Q\&A. How Do Digital Platforms for Ideas, Technologies, and Knowledge Transfer Act as Enablers for Digital Transformation?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {55-60},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {digital platforms, digitization, enablers, knowledge management, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1106},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1106},
	author = {Mokter Hossain and Astrid Heidemann Lassen}
}
@article {1118,
	title = {Towards Third-Generation Living Lab Networks in Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {21-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many cities engage in diverse experimentation, innovation, and development activities with a broad variety of environments and stakeholders to the benefit of citizens, companies, municipalities, and other organizations. Hence, this article discusses such engagement in terms of next-generation living lab networks in the city context. In so doing, the study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a framework of collaborative innovation networks in cities and suggesting a typology of third-generation living labs. Our framework is characterized by diverse platforms and participation approaches, resulting in four distinctive modes of collaborative innovation networks where the city is: i) a provider, ii) a neighbourhood participator, iii) a catalyst, or iv) a rapid experimenter. The typology is based on an analysis of 118 interviews with participants in six Finnish cities and reveals various ways to organize innovation activities in the city context. In particular, cities can benefit from innovation networks by simultaneously exploiting multiple platforms such as living labs for innovation. We conclude by discussing implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research.},
	keywords = {city, co-creation, collaborative innovation, innovation, Living lab, networks, Open innovation, smart city, third-generation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1118},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1118},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {977,
	title = {Corporate and Grassroot Frugal Innovation: A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations aim at the development of basic solutions that are affordable for price-sensitive customer groups. This article looks at the similarities and differences between two major approaches, corporate and grassroot frugal innovation, and identifies initial ideas on how the two streams can learn from each other. The three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) provide one of the guidelines for the comparison. The research is based on an analysis of case studies from various industries, six of which are presented in this article. },
	keywords = {case studies, corporate frugal innovation, frugal innovation, grassroots frugal innovation, startups, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/977},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/977},
	author = {Liza Wohlfart and Mark B{\"u}nger and Claus Lang-Koetz and Frank Wagner}
}
@article {1029,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Tourism (November 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, boundary objects, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, living labs, smart cities, smart destinations, technology, tourism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1029},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1029},
	author = {Chris McPhee and David Guimont and Dominic Lapointe}
}
@article {955,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (January 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {closed innovation, field trials, impact assessment, living labs, Open innovation, user engagement, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/955},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/955},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {1037,
	title = {Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (December 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, ecosystems, living labs, online platforms, Open innovation, regional innovation, smart cities, smart regions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1037},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1037},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1031,
	title = {Empowering Local Tourism Providers to Innovate through a Living Lab Process: Does Scale Matter?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {18-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A destination management organization looking to integrate technology into its tourism offering tasked a living lab with engaging tourists and tourism providers in the process. At the end of the two-year initial funding period for an action research project, the process is a success and stakeholders are engaged in the innovation ecosystem. But what is next? By observing participants and gathering feedback from stakeholders through a Policy Delphi panel, the outcomes of the project and the intentions and actions of the tourism providers and other parties were identified. Innovation capacity has increased: spin-offs were created and stakeholders have embraced open and collaborative innovation. Now, stakeholders are determined to make the process sustainable by finding other funding sources. But what should be the level of cooperation and intervention? What level can best foster innovation and knowledge retention? A case study combining a grid of characteristics and levels of analysis for living labs was used to identify one key question: for a living lab in tourism, does scale matter? This article will explore that question and will contribute to the understanding of the living lab as a model of socio-territorial action.},
	keywords = {action research, destination management, innovation, level, living labs, scale, socio-territorial action, territoriality, tourism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1031},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1031},
	author = {David Guimont and Dominic Lapointe}
}
@article {957,
	title = {Enhancing Early Innovation in an Urban Living Lab: Lessons from Espoo, Finland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {17-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Urban areas are often characterized by complex problems, such as social and economic deprivation, segregation, or bureaucratic administration. Urban living laboratories provide a promising approach to redefining and tackling such problems in novel ways by enabling bottom-up innovation with various actors. The present study examined an urban living lab initiative in a suburban area of Espoo, Finland, where guided workshops based on the Change Laboratory method were arranged. The findings show that, before development projects are launched, it is important to dedicate sufficient time to the early innovation process, which includes building relationships, sharing knowledge, exploring ignorance, and innovating new concepts. The study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing early innovation processes from later ones, which means separating the "preject" from the "project". We conclude that successful management of an urban living lab combines bottom-up and top-down approaches.},
	keywords = {Change Laboratory; innovation management, innovation process; preject; urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/957},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/957},
	author = {Soile Juuj{\"a}rvi and Virpi Lund}
}
@article {972,
	title = {Governing Quintuple Helix Innovation: Urban Living Labs and Socio-Ecological Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {22-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Growing urbanization puts pressure on both social and ecological systems. This pressure raises complex and multi-facetted challenges that can only be tackled by collaborative and distributed innovation development processes. However, theoretical frameworks that assess such collaborations are often very conceptual, with little focus on the actual governance mechanisms that facilitate them. This article studies the urban living lab concept as an inter-organizational design and multi-stakeholder innovation development process to govern the quintuple helix model for innovation by means of an action research based multidimensional case study design, which focuses on the concepts of innovation democracy, mode 3 knowledge production, the innovation ecosystem as a system of societal subsystems, and socio-ecological transition. In this way, we provide a more profound understanding of such innovation processes to tackle socio-ecological challenges by means of public{\textendash}private interactions driven by eco-entrepreneurship. },
	keywords = {distributed innovation, quintuple helix innovation, social ecology, socio-ecological entrepreneurship, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/972},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/972},
	author = {Bastiaan Baccarne and Sara Logghe and Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {1016,
	title = {Implementing Knowledge Translation Strategies in Funded Research in Canada and Australia: A Case Study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {16-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is an emerging literature describing the use of knowledge translation strategies to increase the relevance and usability of research, yet there are few real-world examples of how this works in practice. This case study reports on the steps taken to embed knowledge translation strategies in the Movember Foundation{\textquoteright}s Men{\textquoteright}s Mental Health Grant Rounds in 2013{\textendash}14, which were implemented in Australia and Canada, and on the support provided to the applicants in developing their knowledge translation plans. It identifies the challenges faced by the Men{\textquoteright}s Mental Health Program Team and how these were resolved. The strategies explored include articulating knowledge translation requirements, ensuring a common understanding of knowledge translation, assessing knowledge translation plans, methods of engaging end users, and building capacity with applicants. An iterative approach to facilitating knowledge translation planning within project development was rolled out in Australia just prior to Canada so that lessons learned were immediately available to refine the second roll out. Implementation included the use of external knowledge translation expertise, the development of knowledge translation plans, and the need for internal infrastructure to support monitoring and reporting. Differences in the Australian and Canadian contexts may point to differential exposure to the concepts and practices of knowledge translation. This case study details an example of designing and implementing an integrated knowledge translation strategy that moves beyond traditional dissemination models. Lessons learned point to the importance of a long lead-up time, the use of knowledge translation expertise for capacity building, the need for flexible implementation, and the need for efficiencies in supporting applicants.},
	keywords = {funded research, implementation, knowledge mobilization, knowledge translation, organizational learning},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1016},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1016},
	author = {Gabriel Moore and Therese Fitzpatrick and Ivy Lim-Carter and Abby Haynes and Anna Flego and Barbara Snelgrove}
}
@article {1018,
	title = {Mobilizing Knowledge: The Evidence Gap for Assistive Devices},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {39-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Knowledge mobilization can be hindered in healthcare technology settings where the pace of change outpaces the ability to perform high-quality research methodologies that provide timely knowledge to enable informed prescription and technology application to the end user. Although well-controlled research with appropriate sample sizes is needed, this approach must be balanced with other evidence sources to address the knowledge immediacy requirements. Using carbon-fibre ankle{\textendash}foot orthoses (i.e., lower-limb braces that improve stability, alignment, and foot-to-ground placement) as a case study, various sources of assistive device evidence were explored for their contribution to the continuum of knowledge in this area. A basic level of knowledge exists, but the quality is insufficient to inform the physical rehabilitation community on selecting from the almost 70 different devices on the market and the expected clinical outcomes for a target population. A combination of enhanced single-participant reports should be considered as an important part of the knowledge continuum and essential for knowledge immediacy. This approach must also be expanded to national and multinational database initiatives that provide a better base from which to extract knowledge on assistive device performance and mobilize this knowledge to provide optimal care for people with physical disabilities.},
	keywords = {assistive devices, knowledge mobilization, orthosis},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1018},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1018},
	author = {Edward D. Lemaire}
}
@article {971,
	title = {A Pattern-Based Approach to the Development of Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {13-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The economic rise of emerging markets induces a rapid growth of the global middle class. This new mass market demands products and services adapted to the needs of the local population {\textendash} so called "frugal innovations". Engineers often face similar challenges while developing products and services for these markets, and therefore may develop similar solutions. By the abstraction of these solutions to transferrable solution patterns, the efficiency of the development process could be increased. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to develop a pattern system for frugal innovations. Based on 29 selected frugal innovations, we derived the problems that led to the development of the analyzed frugal innovations. By categorizing these problems, we deduced six problem categories: education, environment, culture, infrastructure, regulation, and finance. We stripped down the solutions to these problems to their core principles, and in our subsequent analysis, we identified 56 solution patterns. Moreover, we analyzed the relationships between the abstracted solution patterns, problem areas, and frugal innovations. By using a pattern-based approach, the efficiency of the product development process could be improved significantly. As well, patterns may generate new impetus and increase creativity.},
	keywords = {business model, developing markets, emerging markets, frugal innovations, market service, pattern catalogue, pattern system, solution patterns},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/971},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/971},
	author = {Anne-Christin Lehner and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier}
}
@article {1033,
	title = {A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.},
	keywords = {business models, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, regional innovation system, shared value, tourism, tourism cluster},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1033},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1033},
	author = {Vincent Gr{\`e}zes and B{\'e}atrice Girod Lehmann and Marc Schnyder and Antoine Perruchoud}
}
@article {1004,
	title = {Q\&A. How Can a University Drive an Open Innovation Ecosystem?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {48-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {ecosystems, Open innovation, public{\textendash}private partnerships, technology transfer, university{\textendash}industry cooperation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1004},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1004},
	author = {Gonzalo Le{\'o}n and Roberto Mart{\'\i}nez}
}
@article {1042,
	title = {Q\&A. How Can Online Platforms Contribute to Smarter and More Prosperous Regions in Europe?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {61-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {digital economy, e-commerce, online marketplaces, online platforms, regional integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1042},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1042},
	author = {Hanne Melin and Samuel Laurinkari and Taina Tukiainen}
}
@article {1030,
	title = {Rejuvenating the Cider Route in Quebec: An Action Design Research Approach to Stakeholder Collaboration and Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {6-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the problem of rejuvenating collaboration for innovation among cideries (cider producers) and the regional tourism association as the historical key stakeholders of the Cider Route of the Mont{\'e}r{\'e}gie region in Quebec, Canada. The article reports on the initial steps of an action design research approach to support the stakeholders of the Cider Route in designing an innovative solution in response to numerous challenges they face, including a lack of new initiatives and steeply declining membership among cideries. The first step of the action design research was to define the problem: to renew the collaborative process among the Cider Route stakeholders by redefining the vision, mission, and strategy leading to an artifact proposal that could take the form of a mobile application. Thus, the notion of a boundary object is employed {\textendash} in relation to the process of designing an information technology artifact in the form of a mobile application for the Cider Route {\textendash} as a way to understand the need to collaborate to innovate in this context. The article also reports on the ongoing second step of the action design research process, which consists of supporting the collaborative process using group concept mapping. The group concept mapping method was suggested to guide and sustain the collaborative process over time because it is a participatory, bottom-up, mixed-methods approach to evaluation and planning. The group concept mapping, applied within the action design research approach, could be helpful in two ways: first, to define the rejuvenated vision, mission, and strategy for the Cider Route; second, to define the specific functionalities of the mobile application for the Cider Route.},
	keywords = {action design research, agrotourism, boundary object, Cider Route, stakeholder collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1030},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1030},
	author = {L. Martin Cloutier and Laurent Renard and S{\'e}bastien Arcand and E. Michael Laviolette}
}
@article {1019,
	title = {Transferable Practices for Knowledge Mobilization: Lessons from a Community-Engaged Health Research Study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {46-52},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Community-engaged health research can have both immediate and lasting impacts, yet is often plagued with various unknowns and unanticipated delays {\textendash} this can be especially true in hospital settings with older adults. In this informal case study based on the authors{\textquoteright} collective experiences of an unraveling of the research process, the challenges and issues faced in assessing the health benefits of the {\textquotedblleft}Music \& Memory{\textquotedblright} iPod program in a complex continuing care hospital wing are discussed. Specifically, the lessons learned through the processes of acquiring ethical approval to work with a particularly vulnerable population, of effectively measuring the benefits of the program, and of the day-to-day logistical issues are recounted, with suggestions for overcoming these challenges through transferable practices for working with vulnerable or older adults and mobilizing the knowledge gained.},
	keywords = {challenges, community engagement, complex care, health, knowledge mobilization, music, older adults},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1019},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1019},
	author = {Renate Ysseldyk and Angela Paric and Tracy Luciani}
}
@article {933,
	title = {Cities as Collaborative Innovation Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {16-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on the role of a city as an orchestrator for innovation. We argue that cities should establish active dialogue with their citizens,  and private and public sectors actors to co-create, develop, test, and offer service innovations that utilize diverse sets of platforms such as living labs. Our research contributes to the discussions of open and user innovations from the perspective of cities as communities that involve and integrate citizens and companies to collaborative innovation activities. While acknowledging that cities are platforms for simultaneous and divergent innovation initiatives, we identify four principal types of collaborative innovation. Cities serve as platforms for: i) improving everyday life; ii) conducting consumer and citizen experiments; iii) experimenting and implementing new technologies and services; and iv) creating new innovations and economies. Finally, we offer guidelines for fostering collaborative innovation activities between the public and private sectors.},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, creative citizen, industry, Living lab, Open innovation, smart city},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/933},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/933},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {947,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (December 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, closed innovation, context, crowdsourcing, innovation networks, living labs, Open innovation, spaces and places, urban living labs, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/947},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/947},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {931,
	title = {Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (October 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {collaboration, ecosystems, innovation ecosystem, living laboratories, living labs, Open innovation, regional innovation, smart cities, smart regions, smart specialisation, smart specialization, sustainability, urban capabilities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/931},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/931},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {948,
	title = {The Grey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study argues that there are different degrees of openness and closedness in innovation activity, and it highlights the need for more research on the "grey areas" between totally open and totally closed innovation, particularly in innovation networks where multiple stakeholders collaborate for innovation. Here, we focus on four key aspects of innovation networks, as characterized by their degrees of openness or closedness: governance, motivation, interaction, and innovation practices. The categorization is based on a review of theory and an empirical analysis of three distinct innovation networks, two of which represent the open living lab model, and one of which exemplifies the traditional closed innovation model. Our results can help managers improve efficiency in innovation networks by better understanding the grey areas between open and closed in innovation.},
	keywords = {closedness, innovation, innovation network, Living lab, Open innovation, openness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/948},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/948},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Taija Turunen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {950,
	title = {Leveraging Living Lab Innovation Processes through Crowdsourcing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Around the globe, crowdsourcing initiatives are emerging and contributing in a diversity of areas, such as in crisis management and product development and to carry out micro-tasks such as translations and transcriptions. The essence of crowdsourcing is to acknowledge that not all the talented people work for you; hence, crowdsourcing brings more perspectives, insights, and visions to, for instance, an innovation process. In this article, we analyze how crowdsourcing can contribute to the different stages of innovation processes carried out in living labs and thus contribute to living labs by strengthening their core role as innovation process facilitators. We have also identified benefits and challenges that need to be grappled with for managers of living labs to make it possible for the crowd to fully support their cause.},
	keywords = {citizen, crowdsourcing, ICT, innovation process, Living lab, user},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/950},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/950},
	author = {Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Josefin Lassinantti}
}
@article {928,
	title = {Q\&A. What Are Living Labs?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {29-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {benefits, definition, innovation systems, living labs, Open innovation, types},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/928},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/928},
	author = {Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {871,
	title = {The Role of Self-Service Mobile Technologies in the Creation of Customer Travel Experiences},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {24-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through the use of self-service mobile devices, the traditional marketplace interaction is being replaced by a marketspace transaction, in which the foundation of customer-company interaction has changed. This article discusses the main actors of experiencial value creation through the physical world and virtual world in the context of transport service. The empirical data is collected from semi-structured interviews with 19 young urban transport commuters. The results show that self-service mobile devices enhance the information accessibility for passengers to create customized travel experiences through a closer interaction with other actors, including transport service providers, transport-related service providers, and other passengers. Moreover, the scope of travel experience was expanded beyond the traditional service encounter both temporally and spatially. This article is an exploration of the influence of self-service mobile devices in the changing roles of customers and companies. A key message is that executives must pay attention to how their companies create experience value in both the physical world and the virtual world, separately or in combination.},
	keywords = {customer experience, mobile technology, self-service device, travel experience, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/871},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/871},
	author = {Chaoren Lu and Wei Geng and Iris Wang}
}
@article {943,
	title = {Securing Cyberspace: Towards an Agenda for Research and Practice},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {11/2015},
	pages = {26-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we seek to identify the important challenges preventing security in cyberspace and to identify the key questions that nations should set out to answer to play a leading role in securing cyberspace. An important assertion is that the challenge of securing cyberspace transcends the abilities of any single entity and requires a radical shift in our approach in how: i) research is conducted, ii) cybersecurity researchers are educated, iii) new defendable systems are developed, and iv) effective defensive countermeasures are deployed. Our response draws upon extensive source material and our personal experiences as cybersecurity professionals contributing to the establishment of the VENUS Cybersecurity Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation that aims to make Canada a global leader in cybersecurity. We view the challenge to be global and transdisciplinary in nature and this article to be of relevance world-wide to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.},
	keywords = {Canada, challenges, countermeasures, cyber security, cybersafety, cybersecurity, cyberspace, detection, Internet of Things, leadership, mitigation, research, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/943},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/943},
	author = {Renaud Levesque and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh and David Whyte}
}
@article {906,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Three Collaborations Enabling Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {45-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {book launch, collaboration, cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, NSA, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/906},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/906},
	author = {Deborah Frincke and Dan Craigen and Ned Nadima and Arthur Low and Michael Thomas}
}
@article {757,
	title = {The Businesses of Open Data and Open Source: Some Key Similarities and Differences},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {12-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, entrepreneurship, licensing, open data, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/757},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/757},
	author = {Juho Lindman and Linus Nyman}
}
@article {811,
	title = {Designing and Managing Value Co-Creation in KIBS Engagements},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {36-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) such as IT development, IT outsourcing, and research and development (R\&D) services have become a key component of most industrialized economies; they have been identified as an important source of employment growth in many countries and help improve the performance of firms belonging to most other sectors. KIBS have been discussed in innovation-related literature for over 15 years, with the assumption that models of innovation developed for manufacturing firms were not appropriate for them. This body of literature has also helped to identify the key characteristics and types of KIBS. However, although some empirical studies have investigated KIBS at the level of management {\textendash} for example, how to manage customers{\textquoteright} co-production processes {\textendash} there has not been much research on how to successfully establish and manage engagements among KIBS providers, clients, and other collaborators. Moreover, informal conversations with KIBS professionals show that these activities are often approached in an ad hoc manner. Yet, given the importance of KIBS, taking a more systematic approach to their design and management could improve the contribution of knowledge-intensive business service activities to our economy.

This article proposes a framework for the design and management of KIBS engagements. The framework has been developed from a multiple-case study of academic R\&D service engagements, as one type of KIBS engagement. It consists of a set of information to be gathered and questions to be asked by professionals responsible for establishing, monitoring, and managing KIBS engagements. The information and questions are articulated around two key processes of collaborative value creation (or value co-creation) in KIBS engagements: i) the alignment of actors{\textquoteright} interests, value propositions, and resources, and ii) the actors{\textquoteright} ability to integrate the engagement{\textquoteright}s deliverables and outcomes as a basis for their perception of the engagement{\textquoteright}s value. Using this framework could help to establish more successful collaborations among KIBS providers, clients, and partners; it should also help to monitor the performance of a given KIBS engagement in terms of its collaborative processes, deliverables, and outcomes from the varied perspectives of participating parties. Although the framework accounts for these different and sometimes conflicting perspectives, it is intended to be used by KIBS provider firms whose success depends at least in part from their ability to manage collaborative relationships.},
	keywords = {case study, KIBS, knowledge-intensive business services, service design, service management, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/811},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/811},
	author = {Lysanne Lessard}
}
@article {807,
	title = {Designing Business Models for the Internet of Things},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates challenges pertaining to business model design in the emerging context of the Internet of Things (IOT). The evolution of business perspectives to the IOT is driven by two underlying trends: i) the change of focus from viewing the IOT primarily as a technology platform to viewing it as a business ecosystem; and ii) the shift from focusing on the business model of a firm to designing ecosystem business models. An ecosystem business model is a business model composed of value pillars anchored in ecosystems and focuses on both the firm{\textquoteright}s method of creating and capturing value as well as any part of the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s method of creating and capturing value. The article highlights three major challenges of designing ecosystem business models for the IOT, including the diversity of objects, the immaturity of innovation, and the unstructured ecosystems. Diversity refers to the difficulty of designing business models for the IOT due to a multitude of different types of connected objects combined with only modest standardization of interfaces. Immaturity suggests that quintessential IOT technologies and innovations are not yet products and services but a "mess that runs deep". The unstructured ecosystems mean that it is too early to tell who the participants will be and which roles they will have in the evolving ecosystems. The study argues that managers can overcome these challenges by using a business model design tool that takes into account the ecosystemic nature of the IOT. The study concludes by proposing the grounds for a new design tool for ecosystem business models and suggesting that "value design" might be a more appropriate term when talking about business models in ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business model, design tool, ecosystem, Internet of Things, IOT, value, value design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/807},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/807},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {808,
	title = {Innovation Opportunities: An Overview of Standards and Platforms in the Video Game Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {15-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The video game industry offers insights into the significance of standards and platforms. Furthermore, it shows examples of how new entrants can offer innovative services, while reducing their own risk, through bridging the boundaries between standards. Through an exploration of both past and present, this article aims to serve as a primer for understanding, firstly, the technological standards and platforms of the video game industry, and secondly, the recent innovations within the video game industry that have enabled products to be made available across platforms.},
	keywords = {arcade games, computer games, console games, innovation, mobile games, platforms, standards, video game industry},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/808},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/808},
	author = {Mikael Laakso and Linus Nyman}
}
@article {834,
	title = {The Online World of the Future: Safe, Productive, and Creative},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A safer online world is required to attain higher levels of productivity and creativity. We offer a view of a future state of the online world that places safety, productivity, and creativity above all else. The online world envisaged for 2030 is safe (i.e., users communicate with accuracy and enduring confidence), productive (i.e., users make timely decisions that have an ongoing global effect), and creative (i.e., users can connect seemingly unrelated information online). The proposed view differs from other views of the future online world that are anchored around technology solutions, confrontation, deception, and personal or commercial gain. The following seven conditions characterize the proposed view of the online world: i) global-scale autonomous learning systems; ii) humans co-working with machines; iii) human factors that are authentic and transferrable; iv) global scale whole-brain communities; v) foundational knowledge that is authentic and transferrable; vi) timely productive communication; and vii) continuous technological adaptation. These conditions are expected to enable new social-behavioural, socio-technical, and organizational interaction models. },
	keywords = {bisociation, cybersecurity, excludability, future vision, Industrial Internet, Internet, Internet of Everything, Internet of Things, online, productivity, rivalry, safety, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/834},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/834},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Renaud Levesque and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The Promoting Force of Technology for Service Innovation in High-Tech Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {40-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interaction between the development of technology and service innovation. It goes {\textquotedblleft}back to the basics{\textquotedblright} by analyzing the first theoretical contributions to the service innovation literature from the late 1980s. These contributions were heavily technologically oriented: they aimed at bringing the results of technological innovation to the realm of services. More specifically, we focus on the model of {\textquotedblleft}reverse innovation cycle{\textquotedblright} on one hand, and on the first innovation-specific categorization of services on the other. The latter introduced the division into supplier-dominated, production-intensive/scale-intensive, and science-based services. Our purpose is to examine in which ways these theoretical approaches could promote our understanding about the new phenomena of technology-service interaction in innovation. In the second part of the article, we apply these approaches in five case studies that originate from different service industries and that differ in size and technologies. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that the applicability of the approaches to the case studies depends on several factors including the kind of technology involved in the innovation activities, the stage of development of this technology, and the type of service. },
	keywords = {case studies, dynamic model of process and product innovation, reverse innovation cycle, service innovation, technology, technology adoption, technology development, typologies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/792},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/792},
	author = {Silvia Gliem and Janny Klabuhn and Nadine Litwin}
}
@article {644,
	title = {Code Forking, Governance, and Sustainability in Open Source Software},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {7-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The right to fork open source code is at the core of open source licensing. All open source licenses grant the right to fork their code, that is to start a new development effort using an existing code as its base. Thus, code forking represents the single greatest tool available for guaranteeing sustainability in open source software. In addition to bolstering program sustainability, code forking directly affects the governance of open source initiatives. Forking, and even the mere possibility of forking code, affects the governance and sustainability of open source initiatives on three distinct levels: software, community, and ecosystem. On the software level, the right to fork makes planned obsolescence, versioning, vendor lock-in, end-of-support issues, and similar initiatives all but impossible to implement. On the community level, forking impacts both sustainability and governance through the power it grants the community to safeguard against unfavourable actions by corporations or project leaders. On the business-ecosystem level forking can serve as a catalyst for innovation while simultaneously promoting better quality software through natural selection. Thus, forking helps keep open source initiatives relevant and presents opportunities for the development and commercialization of current and abandoned programs.},
	keywords = {code forking; open source software; sustainability; innovation; planned obsolescence},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/644},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/644},
	author = {Linus Nyman and Juho Lindman}
}
@article {740,
	title = {Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous research on living labs has emphasized the importance of users and a real-life environment. However, the existing scholarly discourse lacks understanding of innovation mechanisms in diverse living lab networks, especially from the perspectives of coordination and participation. This study addresses the research gaps by constructing a framework for analyzing coordination (i.e., top-down versus bottom-up) and participation (i.e., inhalation-dominated versus exhalation-dominated) approaches in living lab networks. The classification is based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Given that inhalation and exhalation dominance have not been discussed previously in the innovation literature, the study provides novel ways for both scholars and managers wishing to exploit or explore innovations in living labs. The framework reveals the opportunities for practitioners of innovation with respect to coordination and participation in living lab networks.},
	keywords = {bottom-up, coordination, enabler-driven, exhalation-dominated, inhalation-dominated, innovation approach, Living lab, living lab network, Open innovation, open innovation network, participation, provider-driver, top-down, User-driven, utilizer-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/740},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/740},
	author = {Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {711,
	title = {Developing an Innovation Engine to Make Canada a Global Leader in Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {An engine designed to convert innovation into a country{\textquoteright}s global leadership position in a specific product market is examined in this article, using Canada and cybersecurity as an example. Five entities are core to the innovation engine: an ecosystem, a project community, an external community, a platform, and a corporation. The ecosystem is the focus of innovation in firm-specific factors that determine outcomes in global competition; the project community is the focus of innovation in research and development; and the external community is the focus of innovation in resources produced and used by economic actors that operate outside of the focal product market. Strategic intent, governance, resource flows, and organizational agreements bind the five entities together. Operating the innovation engine in Canada is expected to improve the level and quality of prosperity, security, and capacity of Canadians, increase the number of Canadian-based companies that successfully compete globally in cybersecurity product markets, and better protect Canada{\textquoteright}s critical infrastructure. Researchers interested in learning how to create, implement, improve, and grow innovation engines will find this article interesting. The article will also be of interest to senior management teams in industry and government, chief information and technology officers, social and policy analysts, academics, and individual citizens who wish to learn how to secure cyberspace. },
	keywords = {business ecosystem, cybersecurity, innovation engine, innovation in commercialization, innovation in research and development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/711},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/711},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Dan Craigen and David Hudson and Renaud Levesque and Stuart McKeen and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {747,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and Crowdsourcing (December 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, living labs, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/747},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/747},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {739,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs (November 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {design, living labs, networks, Open innovation, regional development, services},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/739},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/739},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {682,
	title = {Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Control},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {05/2013},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technologies evolve in a process of gradual scientific change, but the commercial application of technologies is discontinuous. Managers interested in technology evolution can integrate these contrasting ideas using a powerful theoretical framework, based on the concept of punctuated equilibrium from evolutionary biology. The framework, which enables the differentiation of the technical evolution of a technology from its market application, is used in this article to compare the two standards for wireless sensor networks (WSN) for industrial instrumentation and control: WirelessHART and ISA100.11a. 

The two WSN standards are the product of two different market contexts, which have selected different minimum viable technologies for evolution in their respective niches. Network security issues present some important selection criteria. Both WSN standards implement security countermeasures against localized wireless network attacks based on the application of the AES encryption standard, but some specific security threats {\textendash} some local, others remotely launched {\textendash} are only well-defended by the adoption of public-key cryptographic (PKC) protocols, which only ISA100.11a supports. This article concludes that the mainstream market potential of the Internet has influenced the evolution of ISA100.11a and will continue to demand that each WSN standard evolve in ways that are difficult to predict.},
	keywords = {industrial control, ISA100.11a, punctuated equilibrium, standards, technology evolution, wireless sensor networks, WirelessHART},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/682},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/682},
	author = {Arthur Low}
}
@article {724,
	title = {How Service Innovation Boosts Bottom Lines},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {20-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the national quest for ground-breaking R\&D discoveries and inventions, service innovation is frequently ignored at considerable cost to an organization{\textquoteright}s bottom line and a nation{\textquoteright}s productivity. For the fact is that innovation applied systematically to all activities outside of R\&D can make the difference between uninspiring results and substantial growth in every sector. 

Many countries, in particular in Europe, have recognized the importance of service innovation and are devoting considerable resources to research, the capture of best practices, and the measurement of progress and success. Given the physiognomy of the modern economy, it does not make sense for leaders in the Canadian public sector to devote all available innovation investment dollars to science and technology R\&D.

This article explores why service innovation is not yet a priority on the innovation agenda in Canada and why we should correct the dangerous misconception that there is just one {\textquotedblleft}innovation gap{\textquotedblright} that needs to be addressed. It provides practical recommendations that public and private sector leaders can use to take advantage of this under-valued, high-potential innovation opportunity and calls for the creation of a national service innovation resource to support enterprises of all sizes as a means to improve Canadian productivity. },
	keywords = {complex problems, innovation, innovation gap, innovative intelligence, service innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/724},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/724},
	author = {Claude Legrand and Rob LaJoie}
}
@article {703,
	title = {Keystone Business Models for Network Security Processors},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {25-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Network security processors are critical components of high-performance systems built for cybersecurity. Development of a network security processor requires multi-domain experience in semiconductors and complex software security applications, and multiple iterations of both software and hardware implementations. Limited by the business models in use today, such an arduous task can be undertaken only by large incumbent companies and government organizations. Neither the {\textquotedblleft}fabless semiconductor{\textquotedblright} models nor the silicon intellectual-property licensing ({\textquotedblleft}IP-licensing{\textquotedblright}) models allow small technology companies to successfully compete. This article describes an alternative approach that produces an ongoing stream of novel network security processors for niche markets through continuous innovation by both large and small companies. This approach, referred to here as the "business ecosystem model for network security processors", includes a flexible and reconfigurable technology platform, a {\textquotedblleft}keystone{\textquotedblright} business model for the company that maintains the platform architecture, and an extended ecosystem of companies that both contribute and share in the value created by innovation. New opportunities for business model innovation by participating companies are made possible by the ecosystem model. This ecosystem model builds on: i) the lessons learned from the experience of the first author as a senior integrated circuit architect for providers of public-key cryptography solutions and as the owner of a semiconductor startup, and ii) the latest scholarly research on technology entrepreneurship, business models, platforms, and business ecosystems. This article will be of interest to all technology entrepreneurs, but it will be of particular interest to owners of small companies that provide security solutions and to specialized security professionals seeking to launch their own companies.},
	keywords = {business ecosystems, business model innovation, commercialization, cybersecurity, platforms, semiconductors, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/703},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/703},
	author = {Arthur Low and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {748,
	title = {Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes: Towards a Conceptual Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {6-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time. },
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation ecosystem, Living lab, Open innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/748},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/748},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Dimitri Schuurman and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {735,
	title = {Measuring Innovation Skills Acquired by College and Polytechnic Students through Applied Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {36-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of how colleges and polytechnic institutes are fostering innovation literacy via support for business innovation, and it outlines models for measuring innovation literacy for improved downstream innovation and productivity in industry. The article demonstrates how we can innovate innovation by taking a specific, proactive, and instrumental approach to fostering business innovation and skills acquisition gained through applied research work experience by students as part of their college education. This approach is being used by George Brown College in developing a framework for measuring this innovation potential with a long-term, outcomes-based analysis.},
	keywords = {applied research, business innovation, college, experiential learning, innovation literacy, logic model, polytechnic, skills, student research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/735},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/735},
	author = {Robert Luke}
}
@article {553,
	title = {Categorizing the Growth Strategies of Small Firms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {5-9},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study investigates the link between a small firm{\textquoteright}s investment in R\&D and its growth strategy. A firm{\textquoteright}s growth strategy refers to the means by which the organization plans to achieve its objective to grow in volume and turnover. We categorize firm growth strategies into eight distinctive clusters: opportunity explorers, radical innovators, business developers, business expanders, profit makers, business rebuilders, stagnators, and downsizers. We argue that understanding a firm{\textquoteright}s growth orientation provides a way to assess the returns of its R\&D investments, because an organization{\textquoteright}s intangible growth strategies and tangible inputs are connected.  },
	keywords = {growth orientation, growth strategies, R\&D investment, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/553},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/553},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {601,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/601},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/601},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {575,
	title = {From Stories to Evidence: How Mining Data Can Promote Innovation in the Nonprofit Sector},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {10-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Being a director at a nonprofit organization often means making guesses instead of properly informed decisions. One source of the {\textquotedblleft}information fog{\textquotedblright} is fragmented funding. Nonprofit organizations have multiple types of funders, most of whom are not their direct beneficiaries. Predicting funder behaviour is therefore more of an art than a science. Planning for the future, setting goals, and making decisions all suffer in the nonprofit sector because of a lack of timely and accurate information.

This article examines the opportunities to use newly available digitized information to address this information deficit. It shows how the rich, variegated and fast-changing landscape of information available online can be collected, combined, and repurposed in order to deliver it in actionable forms to decision makers across the nonprofit sector. This information can significantly improve planning decisions and enhance the effectiveness of the sector. 

The article concludes that a cultural shift is required in order for the nonprofit sector to exploit the opportunities presented by digital information. Nonprofits and funders are enjoined to increase their numeracy and to find creative ways to use data as part of their evaluation, planning and decision making. Researchers need to be adventurous in their use of quantitative information and specifically should employ linked datasets in order to explore previously unanswerable research and policy questions. The producers of data need to collect and publish their information in ways that facilitate reuse. Finally, funders need to support a variety of projects that seek to exploit these new opportunities.
},
	keywords = {Ajah, charities, community sector, data mining, funding database, nonprofit, social innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/575},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/575},
	author = {Michael Lenczner and Susan Phillips}
}
@article {624,
	title = {Green, Innovative, and Profitable: A Case Study of Managerial Capabilities at Interface Inc.},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {4-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article describes the pioneering green-innovation management practices of a resource-intensive corporation, Interface Inc., which is a globally operating carpet manufacturer. Even during the current economic downturn, many companies remain committed to advancing their green business agendas. However, recent research suggests that most of these companies are far from reaching substantial competitive advantage from this commitment because they lack the connection between their green agendas and core innovation-management activities. This study illustrates how Interface succeeded with radical green innovations by investing in managerial capabilities that allowed it to conduct research, recognize opportunities, and revolutionize the carpeting industry. These capabilities enabled Interface to continuously challenge and disrupt well-established management recipes, existing knowledge, and proven industrial practices, and they enabled it to create a sustainable competitive advantage through a winning portfolio of radical green innovations.},
	keywords = {carpet industry, corporate sustainability, green innovation, interface, radical innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/624},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/624},
	author = {Tommi Lampikoski}
}
@article {510,
	title = {How Open Source Has Changed the Software Industry: Perspectives from Open Source Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {5-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The emergence of F/LOSS (free/libre open source software) has triggered several changes in the software industry. F/LOSS has been cited as an archetypal form of open innovation; it consists of the convergence and collaboration of like-minded parties. An increasing number of software firms have taken upon this approach to link outsiders into their service development and product design. Also, software firms have been increasingly grounded their business models on user-centric and service-oriented operations.

This article describes a study that investigates these changes from the perspective of F/LOSS entrepreneurs. The findings are summarized into four issues that are critical in managing an F/LOSS business: i) dealing with organizational changes in the innovation process; ii) mastering user involvement; iii) successfully using resources; and iv) designing revenue models.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, narrative methodology, Open innovation, open source software, service-dominant logic},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/510},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/510},
	author = {Juho Lindman and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {602,
	title = {Living Labs as Open-Innovation Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {6-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs bring experimentation out of companies{\textquoteright} R\&D departments to real-life environments with the participation and co-creation of users, partners, and other parties. This study discusses living labs as four different types of networks characterized by open innovation: utilizer-driven, enabler-driven, provider-driven, and user-driven. The typology is based on interviews with the participants of 26 living labs in Finland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa. Companies can benefit from knowing the characteristics of each type of living lab; this knowledge will help them to identify which actor drives the innovation, to anticipate likely outcomes, and to decide what kind of role they should play while "living labbing". Living labs are networks that can help them create innovations that have a superior match with user needs and can be upscaled promptly to the global market.},
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation, living labs, networks, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/602},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/602},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Anna-Greta Nystr{\"o}m}
}
@article {555,
	title = {Making Money from Exploiting Schumpeterian Opportunities: John Sanguinetti and the Electronic Design Automation Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {18-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Accounts of the effect that John Sanguinetti{\textquoteright}s two companies had on the market for integrated circuit design languages were used to gain insights on how to profit from the exploitation of Schumpeterian opportunities. This article will be of interest to entrepreneurs who expect to profit from exploiting opportunities that disrupt the status quo. To write this article, the author reviewed the literature on Schumpeterian and Kirznerian opportunities and examined the writings of and about Sanguinetti and his companies, blogs written by industry insiders, and articles in industry trade journals. Sanguinetti{\textquoteright}s first company introduced a new technology and his second company introduced a new business strategy and a new technology. Both of Sanguinetti{\textquoteright}s companies undermined the capital investments of the established incumbents and created new value for customers. The article provides three main insights. First, deep knowledge and experience in the customer domain enable an entrepreneur to recognize and act to profit from a Schumpeterian opportunity. Second, to profit from a Schumpeterian opportunity the entrepreneur needs to combine technology and business model components in a way that adds significant value to customers. Third, large amounts of venture capital may or may not be required to exploit Schumpeterian opportunities. },
	keywords = {CynLib, EDA industry, integrated circuit design, John Sanguinetti, Schumpter, technology entrepreneurship, verilog, VHDL},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/555},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/555},
	author = {Arthur Low}
}
@article {603,
	title = {Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {12-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A growing interest in living labs as a mechanism for innovation has drawn significant attention to both the different flavours of this methodology and to the organizations that put it into practice. However, little has been done to assess its impact and to compare its contribution to other innovation methodologies. This article aims to cover that gap by summarizing the most common European living labs approaches and positioning them in the landscape of user-contributed innovation methodology. The merits and appropriateness of living labs in these settings are also assessed.},
	keywords = {innovation, living labs, living labs methodologies, Open innovation, user-driven design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/603},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/603},
	author = {Esteve Almirall and Melissa Lee and Jonathan Wareham}
}
@article {634,
	title = {Neuromarketing: Understanding Customers{\textquoteright} Subconscious Responses to Marketing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {12/2012},
	pages = {12-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents neuromarketing as a way to detect brain activation during customer engagement. Neuromarketing is a field of marketing research that studies consumers{\textquoteright} sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. We established a Virtual Customer Journey model based on the consultative selling process to study customer engagement by using brain scans. Consultative selling suggests that a customer{\textquoteright}s shopping experience is managed by the salesperson{\textquoteright}s behaviour and in-store marketing assets, and that the customer gets engaged step by step. A total of 16 test subjects were shown video clips and still pictures from a consultative sales process at Nokia{\textquoteright}s flagship stores, and their brain activity was scanned. The results show that test subjects were able to associate themselves with people and events on the video and they felt safe and comfortable during the consultative selling process. The study implies that laboratories can build virtual environments that resemble real shopping environments where customers can participate in the buying process and respond to events displayed on the screen, and that neuroimaging is useful in providing valuable information on customer behaviour that is not achievable otherwise.},
	keywords = {brain scans, consultative selling, customer engagement, customer journey, fMRI, neuroimaging, neuromarketing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/634},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/634},
	author = {Jyrki Suomala and Lauri Palokangas and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Jarmo Heinonen and Jussi Numminen}
}
@article {512,
	title = {A New Way of Measuring Openness: The Open Governance Index},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {18-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source software is now "business as usual" in the mobile industry. While much attention is given to the importance of open source licenses, we argue in this article that the governance model can be as necessary to a project{\textquoteright}s success and that projects vary widely in the governance models - whether open or closed - that they employ. Open source governance models describe the control points that are used to influence open source projects with regard to access to the source code, how the source code is developed, how derivatives are created, and the community structure of the project. Governance determines who has control over the project beyond what is deemed legally necessary via the open source licenses for that project. The purpose of our research is to define and measure the governance of open source projects, in other words, the extent to which decision-making in an open source project is "open" or "closed". We analyzed eight open source projects using 13 specific governance criteria across four areas of governance: access, development, derivatives and community.

Our findings suggest that the most open platforms will be most successful in the long term, however we acknowledge exceptions to this rule. We also identify best practices that are common across these open source projects with regard to source code access, development of source code, management of derivatives, and community structure. These best practices increase the likelihood of developer use of and involvement in open source projects.},
	keywords = {Android, governance, open source, open source licenses},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/512},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/512},
	author = {Liz Laffan}
}
@article {522,
	title = {Organizational Ambidexterity: How Small Technology Firms Balance Innovation and Support},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many technology entrepreneurs start their companies by focusing on an innovation that creates a market offer to attract their first customers. When the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s firm makes its first sale, the dynamics of the organization change and the entrepreneur faces a new challenge: how can the firm concurrently develop new products and support existing customers? This problem is of great concern to entrepreneurs who own small technology firms and is the subject of this article. 
In this article, we first address the innovate-versus-support dilemma that small technology firms face early in their lifecycles. Next, we describe the paradigm of the ambidextrous organization. We conclude with a discussion of five mechanisms small firms can use to achieve balance in their quest to concurrently satisfy the need to innovate while fulfilling the demands of existing clients and products. 
},
	keywords = {ambidextrous organization, entrepreneurship, innovation, support},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/522},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/522},
	author = {John Schreuders and Alem Legesse}
}
@article {625,
	title = {Simulation of Supply-Chain Networks: A Source of Innovation and Competitive Advantage for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On a daily basis, enterprises of all sizes cope with the turbulence and volatility of market demands, cost variability, and severe pressure from globally distributed competitors. Managing uncertainty about future demand requirements and volumes in supply-chain networks has become a priority. One of the ways to deal with uncertainty is the utilization of simulation techniques and tools, which provide greater predictability of decision-making outcomes. For example, simulation has been widely applied in decision-making processes related to global logistics and production networks at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels, where it is used to predict the impact of decisions before their implementation in complex and uncertain environments. Large enterprises are inclined to use simulation tools whereas small and medium-sized enterprises seem to underestimate its advantages. The objective of this article is to emphasize the relevance of simulation for the design and management of supply-chain networks from the perspective of small and medium-sized firms. },
	keywords = {competitive advantage, innovation, simulation, small and medium-sized enterprises, SME, supply-chain network},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/625},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/625},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta}
}
@article {608,
	title = {A Small-Firm Perspective on the Benefits of Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {44-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Decreasing energy consumption is a global priority and the energy market is in constant change. The search for energy-saving innovations provides an opportunity to initiate a user-centered approach using the living labs model. This article describes how Process Vision, a small-yet-leading Northern European provider of energy IT systems, applied the livings labs approach to develop novel energy-efficiency management solutions. We discuss the company{\textquoteright}s participation in the APOLLON consortium, a cross-border living labs initiative on energy efficiency. More specifically, we describe the Finland-based company{\textquoteright}s experiences of a pilot project launched in the living lab and report on the perceived managerial challenges of applying the living labs approach from the perspective of a small firm.},
	keywords = {energy efficiency, Innovation management, Living lab, managerial challenges, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/608},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/608},
	author = {Veli-Pekka Niitamo and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {609,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series - Born Global: A Pharmaceutical Startup Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {50-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {born global, entrepreneurship, globalization, internationalization, pharmaceutical},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/609},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/609},
	author = {Louis R. Lamontagne}
}
@article {550,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: The Importance of Dealing with Risk for New Businesses},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {04/2012},
	pages = {41-43},
	keywords = {insurance, risk management, startups, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/550},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/550},
	author = {Tony Lackey}
}
@article {408,
	title = {Cost Optimization Through Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The cost of information technology (IT) as a percentage of overall operating and capital expenditures is growing as companies modernize their operations and as IT becomes an increasingly indispensable part of company resources. The price tag associated with IT infrastructure is a heavy one, and, in today{\textquoteright}s economy, companies need to look for ways to reduce overhead while maintaining quality operations and staying current with technology. With its advancements in availability, usability, functionality, choice, and power, free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) provides a cost-effective means for the modern enterprise to streamline its operations. iXsystems wanted to quantify the benefits associated with the use of open source software at their company headquarters. This article is the outgrowth of our internal analysis of using open source software instead of commercial software in all aspects of company operations.  
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/408},
	author = {Mark VonFange and Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {442,
	title = {Developing Silicon IP with Open Source Tools},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {05/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The electronic design automation (EDA) tool industry is big business, and commercial licenses are extremely expensive. Open standards have driven many proprietary EDA technologies to be publicly released as free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) and some have become IEEE standards. Competition has partly given way to collaboration and has led to these standards. The development path of important EDA tools frequently now employs F/LOSS practices, which have overcome resistance to collaborative innovation between competing businesses. F/LOSS technologies are at the vanguard of leading-edge system-on-chip (SoC) design, not just because they are free, but also because they are valuable. 

The first commercial integrated circuits (ICs), designed by hand, helped guide manned space flight to the moon on the Apollo missions. In the past decade, silicon IP firms have shown they are limited only by their ideas, not by limited investment opportunities, and SoC firms have shown they can greatly reduce costs while innovating on the development of the largest new IC designs. This high-end technology is made accessible to startups because of open source. It is no longer just for mega-corporations. 

This article reviews the history of key advances in ICs and EDA tools. The common theme presented in this article for the driver of technology innovation is the requirement to develop the most advanced microprocessor possible. Today, a low-cost, high-value-added business model can efficiently serve the market for IC subsystems licensed as intellectual property (silicon IP) in the form of compilable source code. Alternatively, for larger SoC designs, engineering budgets can be shifted from the purchase of a relatively small number of high-cost EDA tool licenses to open source EDA technologies that can be run on massive compute-server farms. The two business models are not theoretical, but realistic. The author explains how his company (Crack Semiconductor) developed commercially successful cryptographic silicon IP using entirely open source EDA technologies and how another company (SiCortex) pushed the limits of IC design and open source EDA tools by simulating and verifying a massively parallel supercomputer.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/442},
	author = {Arthur Low}
}
@article {489,
	title = {Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company: Experiences from Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {19-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {High-technology firms have paved the way for user-driven innovations, but now even traditional industries are becoming increasingly open. This shift is a great challenge for companies with instituted practices, policies, and customer relationships. In this article, we identify four distinct steps in becoming an open innovation company based on our recent research into firms{\textquoteright} experiences with living lab experiments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. We describe these phases and illustrate the divergent roles that users play in each one. We conclude with a discussion on the differences between the management challenges of conventional development projects versus the open innovation model. For all firms that wish to become open innovators, we recommend that their managers promote an open organizational mindset and apply groupware that supports increased openness, because traditional project management tools are insufficient for open innovation. },
	keywords = {Innovation management, Living lab, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/489},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/489},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {413,
	title = {Nokia{\textquoteright}s Hybrid Business Model for Qt},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s challenging economy, startup companies are finding it more and more difficult to gain a foothold and traction in the market. Free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) allows a company to gain exposure to their products. However, few firms offer F/LOSS solutions alone. The vast majority combine proprietary and open source products while receiving revenues from both traditional license fees and open source offerings (Bonaccorsi and Giannangeli, 2006). This dual practice of offering F/LOSS as well as a commercial license is a hybrid business model.

In this article, we focus on the hybrid business model for Nokia{\textquoteright}s Qt product: how it is implemented, why it was implemented, and the extent to which the model has been effective. The Qt story illustrates how F/LOSS business models were developed during a period when participants were just beginning to understand how to make money with open source.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/413},
	author = {John Schreuders and Arthur Low and Kenneth Esprit and Nerva Joachim}
}
@article {333,
	title = {CRC Mobile Broadcasting F/LOSS Projects},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Communications Research Centre Canada, the federal government{\textquoteright}s primary laboratory for advanced telecommunications research and development, has been at the forefront of new developments in mobile digital broadcasting technologies since their inception in the late 1980s. During this time, digital replacement technologies have been standardized in an effort to rationalize spectrum use and enhance broadcasting applications with datacasting services and associated program information. Eureka DAB was the first all-digital mobile broadcasting technology to be conceived, developed and deployed. It became a widely adopted standard for digital radio in many countries around the world in the mid-1990s. DAB was officially launched in Canada in 2000.

This paper presents CRC{\textquoteright}s attempt to increase collaboration and innovation in the field of mobile broadcasting by developing and offering complete end-to-end Free, Libre and Open Source Software (F/LOSS) toolsets for the transmission and reception of DAB and FM/RDS applications and services.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/333},
	author = {Fran{\c c}ois Lefebvre}
}
@article {319,
	title = {Developing a Successful Open Source Training Model},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Training programs for open source software provide a tangible, and sellable, product. A successful training program not only builds revenue, it also adds to the overall body of knowledge available for the open source project. By gathering best practices and taking advantage of the collective expertise within a community, it may be possible for a business to partner with an open source project to build a curriculum that promotes the project and supports the needs of the company{\textquoteright}s training customers.

This article describes the initial approach used by Canonical, the commercial sponsor of the Ubuntu Linux operating system, to engage the community in the creation of its training offerings. We then discuss alternate curriculum creation models and some of the conditions that are necessary for successful collaboration between creators of existing documentation and commercial training providers. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/319},
	author = {Belinda Lopez}
}
@article {338,
	title = {Editorial: Cloud Services (April 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cloud computing may be the  biggest game changer within the enterprise since the adoption of the Internet in the 1990s and the personal computer in the 1980s. The economic climate, coupled with the rate at which technology is changing, is forcing companies to reduce information technology (IT) expenditures, increase productivity, and build more collaborative solutions as opposed to building everything internally. Cloud computing allows companies to outsource functions that are not core to their business or have become a commodity. Much of the technology driving cloud computing services is open source software. The LAMP stack has become widely adopted as the standard engine running much of the cloud services. With the exception of Microsoft{\textquoteright}s Azure cloud platform, most cloud service providers have embraced open source software, allowing them to drive costs down while providing reliable services for their customers.

Pay-as-you-go is the new economic model for IT as we enter a new decade. Gone will be the days of making large purchases of commercial software with huge maintenance costs. In this new world, enterprises will consume only the services they need, only when they need them, and will pay for the resources required to scale up and down as necessary. This paradigm shift should force IT executives to focus more on building business functionality and less on managing and maintaining infrastructure and commodity applications. Open source software will play a huge role in making the shift to cloud computing economically feasible. At the same time, commercial software companies are racing to the cloud and are struggling to replace their expensive software licensing models with a pay-as-you-go model in order to make them an attractive alternative to open source software in the cloud. It should be interesting to see how this plays out over the next few years. The articles that follow provide insights into what cloud computing is and how it is changing the IT landscape.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/338},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Mike Kavis}
}
@article {346,
	title = {Editorial: Communications Enabled Applications (May 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As anyone with a smartphone can appreciate, the power of having a mobile phone that can can access the Internet creates significant value for users and opportunities for businesses. This device-level integration of communication services and web applications is now common. However, we are only now scratching the surface of the next step in value: application-level integration. The ability to integrate communications services within web applications opens up tremendous opportunities. Examples of communications enabled applications include simple click-to-call links on a website, conference calls initiated by applications or users in response to events, interactive voice response menus, and any number of other ways that communication services, such as messaging, voice, and conference calls, can be integrated into an application to add value.

I recently had the pleasure of coordinating the activities of a group of entrepreneurs, developers, and architects as they explored together how CEAs can add value to their offerings and their business ecosystem. The Elena Project was funded by IRAP to stimulate small technology companies to develop working prototypes of CEAs and expand the capabilities of the Coral CEA business ecosystem and sandbox. The project focused on using four voice services and the open source web conferencing tool BigBlueButton.

Among the outcomes of this project was the realization that significant value can be leveraged when communications features become integral parts of applications. In this issue of the OSBR, a diverse group of authors share their experiences and knowledge to help others explore the value CEAs could bring to their own offerings. All of the authors in this issue participated directly in the Elena project or present analysis relating to Coral CEA.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/346},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Chris McPhee}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Editorial: Go To Market (July 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Historically, the concept of going to market is fraught with misinterpretation, doubt, and anxiety. In Canada, the term "go to market" typically means the task of readying a product for market. In this context, it is interchangeable with "commercialization," which is another concept suffering in Canada from a definition that generally does not go beyond a software maker{\textquoteright}s front door. In other parts of the world, and specifically in the U.S., the term "go to market" is clearly interpreted as meaning all the activities required to successfully launch a product into the marketplace and realize both market share and profit.

Going to market is about bringing the right benefit to the right market at the right price through the right channels. Ideally, the entire go-to-market process begins with the identification of a problem or sought-after benefit that a market segment has deemed a priority. More realistically, though, it begins with identifying the segment that best suits the software offering and then determines the business model, positioning and message, pricing, channels, and engagement techniques that will work best in building share in that segment. This issue attempts to take some of the doubt and anxiety from what seems to be the daunting task of pushing a product out of the door and into the harsh realities of a demanding market. It provides clear-eyed discussions of some of the main components, tips and advice from the "battle-scarred," and useful tools that can be readily used.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/361},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Corien Kershey}
}
@article {354,
	title = {Editorial: Growing Business (June 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {06/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Growth is important for any business, especially technology companies that operate in an environment of constant innovation, advancement, and evolving consumer needs. It is essential to maintain long term profitability, develop a brand, and attract new investment. But the path to successful growth is not obvious, and is filled with hurdles. Growth requires capital, making consistent revenue a necessity. But figuring out the smartest way to invest capital to promote growth can be a daunting task. Growth can also require some experimentation with different stategies, weathering the occasional failure along the way, in order to find one that is the right fit for the company. But where do you start?

Book stores have hundreds of books on business growth, with many promising a surefire strategy for success. But the reality is that there is no single growth formula that works for all businesses. Entrepreneurs must understand what drives their business--something that might be very different from other, similar businesses--and leverage this knowledge in order to grow. Growth requires focus, and energy must be directed on one particular aspect at a time, such as revenue growth, market growth, product line growth, or even shareholder growth. Trying to extend in all directions at once is a sure path to failure. Disciplined, incremental, consistent growth is the formula for success, no matter how that success is defined by the business.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/354},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Mekki MacAulay}
}
@article {329,
	title = {Editorial: Mobile (March 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source software and hardware has become an accepted way of developing new and interesting applications in many information and communication technology domains: operating systems, databases, Web infrastructure, and applications. It{\textquoteright}s not surprising that with the increasing popularity of mobile handheld devices, users and researchers have explored the power of open approaches to providing innovative new applications and services in this domain. However, unlike personal computers and the Internet, mobile handsets were tightly controlled by mobile network operators (MNOs) who developed a vertical ecosystem by integrating the communication infrastructure, the handheld device hardware, and often the applications installed on those devices. The software and protocols running the mobile communications infrastructure and devices are often standardized by membership-only bodies, where large MNOs and manufacturers have a predominant influence. These players invest significant financial resources into shaping the industry along their vision to gain a competitive advantage. A current example is the ongoing battle about the dominant radio access technology for 4G cellular systems: LTE vs. Wimax. 

These trends have changed recently. Companies such as Google, Nokia, or Openmoko and Industry Alliances such as the Open Handset Alliance are providing the core building blocks, both in hardware as well as software, of increasingly open mobile devices. This issue of the OSBR reviews the relevant trends in the open mobile platform space from a number of perspectives. As the articles in these issue show, there is a lot of exciting ongoing work that brings the power of open source development to the mobile space. This trend is not just confined to the mobile devices as there are also efforts in the development of open mobile infrastructure elements and whole systems.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/329},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Thomas Kunz and Fran{\c c}ois Lefebvre}
}
@article {322,
	title = {Editorial: Startups (February 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Bob Sutor, Vice President of the Open Source and Linux division at IBM, recently stated that "there doesn{\textquoteright}t seem to be very many good guides about the nuts and bolts of starting an open source business". He speculates that one reason is that "there is no one way to start and run a business that involves open source".

The authors in this issue of the OSBR are serial entrepreneurs, startup founders, and professionals who provide services to and interact daily with startups.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/322},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {314,
	title = {Editorial: Success Factors (January 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The editorial theme for the January issue of the OSBR is "success factors". Which factors separate the open source projects that provide quality software and receive wide-spread adoption from other projects which are not well maintained? What traits should a business look for when considering which open source software to use? How does a company decide which open source project to contribute to, partner with, or use as a base to build its products or services? 

The authors in this issue explore: the importance of well defined processes, the value of documentation to end users, the diverse tasks of a community manager, the value provided by participants who don{\textquoteright}t contribute code, and how a community can assist in creating training materials. Each concentrates on a particular success factor, and as a whole, provide a fuller picture of what to look for in a successful open source project or company.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/314},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {404,
	title = {The Humanitarian FOSS Project},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {12/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (Humanitarian FOSS) Project is primarily an educational project whose goal is to engage more undergraduates in building free and open source software (FOSS) that benefits their community. Over the past four years, increasing numbers of undergraduates and computer science programs have been inspired by the Humanitarian FOSS project to make significant contributions to several active open source software development projects that have benefited organizations such as the Portland, Maine Ronald McDonald House, and the New York City Salvation Army. This article provides examples of several Humanitarian FOSS projects and describes other initiatives aimed at promoting undergraduate education about FOSS and its application within the community.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/404},
	author = {Ralph Morelli and Allen Tucker and Trishan R. de Lanerolle}
}
@article {343,
	title = {Performance Testing From the Cloud},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article discusses the opportunities and challenges when leveraging the cloud to performance test large-scale websites and applications. Getting performance right, particularly at web-scale, requires a level of passion that results in both a view of the big picture and an attention to detail. We{\textquoteright}ll describe how to use the scale of the cloud to gain confidence when deploying sites servicing potentially massive amounts of web traffic. We{\textquoteright}ll start by describing what we mean by the cloud in order to set context. We{\textquoteright}ll then describe the components that comprise SOASTA{\textquoteright}s CloudTest and focus on how we deliver the offering to the market, including a look at the key tenets of the cloud testing methodology based on SOASTA{\textquoteright}s experiences.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/343},
	author = {Tom Lounibos}
}
@article {339,
	title = {The Value of Cloud Computing},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The movement to cloud computing is the disruptive change that information technology (IT) departments will soon face as cloud computing begins to have an effect on the modern enterprise. IT managers must learn how to give as well as take information in this new, shareable environment, while still protecting their company{\textquoteright}s interests. Innovative companies will take advantage of these new resources, such as cloud computing, and reinvent themselves as unstoppable forces in their markets. Those who don{\textquoteright}t take advantage of this revolution will become quickly outdated, perhaps out of business.

This article will discuss what cloud is, and how it can potentially have value within your enterprise. Rather than a hype-driven view of cloud computing, this article will provide you with the guidance you need to get started defining the value of cloud computing. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/339},
	author = {David Linthicum}
}
@article {293,
	title = {Editorial: Arts \& Media (October 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {10/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {  The editorial theme for the  October issue of the OSBR is arts and media. While code development is often described as an art form, it is less common to see a connection between traditional arts and open source. The articles in this issue explore that connection and the nascent possibilities for content creators, user communities, and entrepreneurs. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/293},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Anthony Whitehead}
}
@article {283,
	title = {Editorial: Business Intelligence (September 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {For the past decade, traditional proprietary tools from Cognos, Business Objects, Microstrategy, Hyperion, Oracle and Informatica have dominated BI environments throughout North America and Europe. The larger the customer it seemed, the bigger their appetite for spending money on proprietary BI tools. BI vendors have made billions selling software to larger clients throughout North America, much of it in the form of multi-million dollar site licenses. Large customers continue to pay huge perpetual annual maintenance fees, usually 20+ \% of the initial license cost. Costs for additional users and new features requiring additional license fees can quickly add up to 40\% - 50\% of the annual BI budget. This has caused many organizations to scrutinize and question the value of their ongoing BI software expenditures.

In these challenging financial times, cost conscience CIOs and Directors around the world are looking for ways to reduce the ongoing costs of administering their BI program, and a large number of them are turning to open source BI tools.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/283},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Sam Selim}
}
@article {266,
	title = {Editorial: Collaboration (July 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = { The editorial theme for the July issue of the OSBR is "collaboration". While online collaboration has been a hallmark of open source software (OSS) communities, the articles in this issue demonstrate that open collaboration extends far beyond the creation of software. The authors discuss diverse collaboration opportunities including: brainstorming across disciplines, social innovation, aggregating non-profit donations, the green environment movement, open educational resources, introducing students to communities, and managing single-user software applications.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/266},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Stephen Huddart}
}
@article {225,
	title = {Editorial: Commercialization (February 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {<b><i>The number of market offers</i></b>  that rely on open source to generate companies{\textquoteright} revenues is increasing. Open source has transformed how we develop software, hardware, content, and scientific knowledge. It is now transforming how we commercialize the market offers that generate revenue for companies that rely on open source projects. 

<b><i>Commercialization is the theme of</i></b> the February issue of the OSBR. The focus is on how new market offers that use open source to make money.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/225},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {218,
	title = {Editorial: Enterprise Participation (January 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In  The Role of Participation Architecture in Growing Sponsored Open Source Communities, Joel West and Siobhan O{\textquoteright}Mahony argue that "to some extent, firms and technical communities have always collaborated to create standards, shared infrastructure, and innovation outcomes that are bigger than any one firm can achieve." and that "there is increasing evidence that path breaking innovations cannot occur without a community to interpret, support, extend and diffuse them". When considered in this light, it should not be surprising that more enterprises, both large and small, are increasing their participation in open source communities to drive innovation.

The theme for this month{\textquoteright}s issue of the OSBR is enterprise participation and the authors provide practical advice for effective enterprise/community collaboration. Their experiences provide perspectives on: i) the Eclipse Foundation, which maintains an ecosystem of over 150 enterprises that participate in Eclipse open source projects; ii) an independent software vendor that sells closed source solutions constructed on top of an open source platform to large enterprise customers; iii) the impact of major players collaborating on a common open source platform for the mobile industry; iv) the role users can play in the very large (over 14 million) GNOME community; and v) the lessons a scientist from the National Research Council of Canada learned when he released software and started a small open source community.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/218},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Donald Smith}
}
@article {233,
	title = {Editorial: Geospatial (March 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The recent emergence of MapQuest, Google Earth, Garmin GPS, and many other modern geospatial products make it seem that mapping technologies are a relatively new component of today{\textquoteright}s information technologies. In fact, the mapping industry was one of the original adopters of technology when geographic information systems were first developed over 40 years ago. The fruits of this backroom technology, once the domain of highly trained specialists, is now being leveraged by hundreds of millions, if not billions, of consumers around the world.

Open source geospatial technologies have followed this same path from niche technology to mainstream component and are now critical to many of the applications that business and consumers use on a daily basis. Google Earth, for instance, incorporates a critical component of the open source geospatial stack to deliver satellite imagery to several hundred million installations around the planet. In the following articles, you will learn more about how these critical niche technologies have evolved from small grassroots activities to thriving technology projects under the umbrella of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation, and ultimately into key commercial components of industry.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/233},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Dave McIlhagga}
}
@article {240,
	title = {Editorial: Open APIs (April 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {04/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = { A few short years ago, the term "Internet" reflected the technical savvy sitting at a workstation reading email or using a search engine to find data. Today, people of all ages are using all manner of devices to: obtain public transit directions with Google Maps, share photos using Flickr and videos using YouTube, Tweet their whereabouts, meet new friends through Facebook, and perform countless other activities which have quickly become ubiquitous to every day life.

This new generation of online activities is the result of open APIs, mashups, and rich Internet applications. These concepts are the focus of the April issue of the OSBR. The authors have done an excellent job of taking the editorial theme of "Open APIs" from the mysterious realm of programming into their applicability to daily life and business.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/240},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {248,
	title = {Editorial: Open Source in Government (May 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Last summer, the Center for Strategic and International Studies published the sixth update to their Open Source Policy survey. The survey "tracks governmental policies on the use of open source software as reported in the press or other media." The report lists 275 open source policy initiatives. It also breaks down by country and by government level whether the policy on the use of open source is considered to be advisory, preferential, or mandatory.

The editorial theme for the May issue of the OSBR is "open source in government" and we are pleased that the authors have drawn upon their experiences to provide insight into public policy regarding open source for many parts of the world.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/248},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and James Bowen}
}
@article {275,
	title = {Editorial: Tech Entrepreneurship (August 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {08/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {<b><i>Entrepreneurship is the lifeblood of</i></b> any technology business and really describes the character of those who would see their new ideas achieve commercial success. That character includes: risk taking and the ability to deal with uncertainty from many quarters, creativity and the ability to connect ideas in surprising ways, orchestration and the ability to marshal resources, and the ability to deliver a message with impact whether in the proverbial elevator or when the customer is listening to best and final offers. There is so much required of an entrepreneur, in some ways it is surprising that we have any at all.

<b><i>I{\textquoteright}ve recently had the opportunity</i></b> to witness a wide variety of entrepreneurs in action through the Lead to Win program. Lead to Win was started to assist innovation and entrepreneurship in the Canadian National Capital region. The program is certainly a response to the economic times and recognizes that when the tech sector is depressed, people who might otherwise find employment in established companies are more likely to start a business of their own. Lead to Win is designed to help entrepreneurs who have a deep technology background but need help building out some of the other dimensions of that entrepreneurial character.

<b><i>It has been a great</i></b> pleasure to discover that the demand for Lead to Win has exceeded our expectations easily by a factor of two or three. The diversity of people, technologies and market opportunities that have come forward in what is often described as a government and telecom town is extremely encouraging. The patterns and themes in this diversity have the prospect of tapping into existing ecosystems and creating entirely new ones. This notion of entrepreneurship and how it unfolds in established and new fabrics of companies and customers is the centerpiece of this month{\textquoteright}s issue of the OSBR. Successful entrepreneurs do not exist in isolation and are able to see massive opportunity by leveraging those around them.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/275},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and David Hudson}
}
@article {306,
	title = {Editorial: Value Co-Creation (December 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The December issue of the  OSBR continues our discussion on the topic of value co-creation. According to Prahalad and Krishnan, most of the succesful companies in 2015 will be using value co-creation practices and companies that do not make the efforts to adopt such practices will soon lack a serious competitive advantage. Business models based on value co-creation are not simply adopting a new possible way of doing business. Value co-creation business models follow the way society goes and missing this tendency might be critical for businesses. The key danger is to try seeing value co-creation within the context of our old thinking. This is an easy human mistake that could lead to the wrong questions to answer. In exploring value co-creation, we have not discussed all the possible answers, but have set a stage for finding the right questions.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/306},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {299,
	title = {Editorial: Value Co-Creation (November 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The relationship between companies that produce and distribute goods and the consumers who purchase and use those goods is often portrayed as "us vs. them". While technology provides the tools needed for communication and collaboration, company-consumer collaboration is often met with skepticism. Is it possible for companies and the users of their products to form mutually beneficial relationships that create value? The concept of value co-creation attempts to answer that question and it is the editorial theme of the November and December issues of the OSBR.

Co-creation: New pathways to value reminds us that "It is...the quality of the relationship that companies form with and facilitate among their customers, which will determine how knowledge is created, shared and transferred". The authors in this issue introduce us to who is involved in these relationships, their motivations, and techniques.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/299},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {255,
	title = {Editorial: Women in Open Source (June 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Whether you look at industry studies, online articles, or perhaps even around your own company, you{\textquoteright}ll see that women make up a small percent of the people working in free/libre and open source software (F/LOSS). Over the years there{\textquoteright}s been a growing interest in why so few women participate in this rapidly growing community and, more importantly, what can be done to help encourage more participation. Fortunately, members of the community - both male and female - are actively ramping up their efforts to attract more women to the F/LOSS community.

Resources such as LinuxChix.org, the Geek Feminism Wiki, as well as publications, blogs, and articles written by and about women, draw attention to this growing, influential group of F/LOSS participants. Events, such as the Women in Open Source track at the Southern California Linux Expo, help women network and connect with other members of the F/LOSS community, while also increasing their visibility.

In this issue of the Open Source Business Resource, innovative, energetic women discuss their specific projects, what other women in the field are doing, and their efforts to promote F/LOSS to people within their communities and internationally.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/255},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Rikki Kite}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Open Source Web Based Geospatial Processing with OMAR},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The availability of geospatial data sets is exploding. New satellites, aerial platforms, video feeds, global positioning system tagged digital photos, and traditional GIS information are dramatically increasing across the globe. These raw materials need to be dynamically processed, combined and correlated to generate value added information products to answer a wide range of questions.

This article provides an overview of OMAR web based geospatial processing. OMAR is part of the Open Source Software Image Map  project under the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. The primary contributors of OSSIM make their livings by providing professional services to US Government agencies and programs. OMAR provides one example that open source software solutions are increasingly being deployed in US government agencies. We will also summarize the capabilities of OMAR and its plans for near term development.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/236},
	author = {Mark Lucas and Scott Bortman}
}
@article {120,
	title = {Data Access in Canada: CivicAccess.ca},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {02/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a global movement to liberate government-"owned" data sets, such as census data, environmental data, and data generated by government-funded research projects. This open data movement aims to make these datasets available, at no cost, to citizens, citizen groups, non-governmental-organizations (NGOs) and businesses. The arguments are many: such data spurs economic activity, helps citizens make better decisions, and helps us understand better who we are and where we are going as a country. Further, these data were collected using tax dollars, yet the government holds a monopoly which makes data available only to those able to pay the high access fees, while some data is not made available at all.

The open data movement is lagging in Canada as demonstrated by exorbitant fees for such basics as the data set of postal codes correlated to electoral districts. This data could be used for any number of civic engagement projects, but it costs thousands of dollars due to Statistics Canada{\textquoteright}s policies of cost recovery.

This article aims to bring these issues to a wider public. The long-term vision is a country in which citizens, specialists, professionals, academics, community groups and even businesses can work together, developing innovative information access and visualization tools, better decision-making models, and more tools responsive to the needs of the citizens. Liberating data will spur grassroots research on important social, economic, political and technical areas, currently hampered by lack of access to and high cost of civic data. Further, we want to link the debate about data to questions of government transparency and accountability, which pivot on access to accurate, reliable, and timely data.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/120},
	author = {Tracey P. Lauriault and Hugh McGuire}
}
@article {164,
	title = {Editorial: Accessibility (July 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Much has changed since the term "open source" was coined ten years ago. The idea of sharing code, once relegated to research institutions and hobbyists, is starting to reach ubiquity in the consciousness of both government and business. More recently, this concept has extended beyond software. Everything from hardware to data to knowledge is becoming "open". Despite this trend towards openness--or perhaps due to the stark contrast openness provides--accessibility remains a difficult obstacle to overcome.

The issues surrounding accessibility take many forms. In the first article, Pierre-Paul Lemyre from the University of Montreal reminds us that everything old is new again. While the difficulties surrounding the open source licensing of software are still being resolved, those same difficulties are now being experienced when providing open access to data and knowledge. He proposes a global licensing repository as a solution towards providing access while complying with licensing terms. Marco Zehe from the Gnome Accessibility Project concentrates on ensuring that the features found in software applications are accessible to all, including those with disabilities. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/164},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {191,
	title = {Editorial: Building Community (October 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = { 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/191},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {134,
	title = {Editorial: Communications (April 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {04/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Two reports issued this week provide very different numbers regarding the adoption of open source. IDC proclaims that "the economic slowdown in the United States may actually boost demand for open source services. If organizations adopt more open source software as part of a strategy to reduce software costs, the demand for related services should increase". The US-based survey reports that "almost 60\% of the survey respondents said their company{\textquoteright}s spending on open source increased in 2007". This is in stark contrast to Statistics Canada{\textquoteright}s findings that "17\% of private sector firms reported using open source software" and "3\% of private firms and 13\% of public organizations reported customizing open source software".},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/134},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Editorial: Education (August 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The August issue of the  OSBR is focused on "education". The relationship between open source software (OSS) and education is extremely broad and also very important. One could argue that OSS creation and adoption has been driven by faculty and research leaders, with eventual buy-in from the commercial sphere. This should not be a surprise; university research labs are populated with individuals possessing an abundance of creativity, a need to work with platforms for innovation, and a shortage of funding. My own lab{\textquoteright}s experience with clever graduate students and finite funding sources forced us to collaborate with the National Research Council of Canada on open source helicopters.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/172},
	author = {Kevin Goheen and Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {209,
	title = {Editorial: Enabling Innovation (December 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This issue of the OSBR provides many examples of using open source principles to enable innovation. These  innovations go beyond code creation and address the diverse issues of: declining computer science enrollment, a lack of affordable publishing tools for online exhibitions, the rising costs of text books, the need for process automation in developing countries, easy-to-use and accessible solutions for the not-for-profit sector, adding open source to a proprietary Fortune 500 company{\textquoteright}s business strategy, and reducing duplicated costs.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/209},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Editorial: Enterprise Readiness (May 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In January 2008, Gartner released their "Top Predictions for IT Organizations and Users, 2008 and Beyond". Their analysis around open source included the key finding that it "has become impractical for mainstream IT organizations to avoid or ignore the influence of open source across a wide variety of industry market segments. Doing so will put organizations at a serious disadvantage against competitors that are leveraging mature, stable and well-supported open-source technologies for significant return-oninvestment and total-cost-of-ownership opportunities." Does this mean that the enterprise is finally ready for open source?

As Bernard Golden points out in the first article, it is impossible to answer that question when it is framed that way--there are just too many open source projects, each possessing varying degrees of maturity and usability. Bernard further posits a key point that enterprises themselves vary from early adopters to pragmatists. Fortunately, resources are available for gauging the applicability of a specific open source product to meet the needs of a particular organization.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/144},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {202,
	title = {Editorial: Health and Life Sciences (November 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The length of Wikipedia{\textquoteright}s list of open source healthcare software  may come as a surprise to many readers. This issue of the OSBR provides an excellent introduction to the complexities and interoperability issues associated with healthcare software and the role open source can play in helping to resolve these issues. This month{\textquoteright}s authors also provide insight into an open source projects that follows open standards, lessons learned from providing a reference implementation, the benefits of a healthcare ecosystem, and the value of open source projects working closely with standards organizations.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/202},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Brian Barry and Peter Tanner}
}
@article {111,
	title = {Editorial: Interoperability (January 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In December, the Open Solutions Alliance published CEO Predictions 2008 which contains the responses received from their 2007 Customer Forum Series. A key finding was that the interoperability of open source with other open source and proprietary solutions was a primary concern. Several of the CEOs polled included interoperability in their answer to the question "what is the biggest challenge for the open source software industry in 2008?".},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/111},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {119,
	title = {Editorial: Open Data (February 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {02/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On February 8, as the Open Source Definition and the Open Source Initiative entered their second decade, Bruce Perens published his reflections in State of Open Source Message: A New Decade for Open Source. He states his intent was to provide "another way of talking about Free Software, tailored to the ears of business people". Seeing that Gartner is predicting that "by 2011 at least 80\% of commercial software will contain significant amounts of open source code", it would appear that the open source message has succeeded in reaching the ears of business people.

While awareness of open source code has reached a certain level of maturity, the innovation possibilities extend beyond the code itself. As you{\textquoteright}ll see in this issue of the OSBR, awareness of open "data" is still in its infancy, resulting in many untapped opportunities.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/119},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {126,
	title = {Editorial: Procurement (March 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Earlier this month, the European Commission issued a press release stating that it "will take a more pro-active approach to its own use of open source" and that "for all new development, where deployment and usage is foreseen by parties outside of the Commission Infrastructure, open source software will be the preferred development and deployment platform." While this is a strong stance regarding the use of open source, the European Commission still considers itself to be "an early adopter of open source".

Canada has yet to issue such a clear cut procurement policy towards open source. It has been five years since e-cology corporation made its recommendations in its fact finding study funded by the Canadian Federal Government. The current official position is that "departments and agencies base their decisions to acquire, develop and use software (including open source software) on their business needs and the principles set out in the government{\textquoteright}s Federated Architecture Program."

The Canadian Federal Government{\textquoteright}s position is wide open to interpretration and often leaves open source contractors to struggle against departments who are ignorant of and perhaps hostile to open source, and a bidding process that uses terminology which assumes a proprietary business model. Citizens are also affected, as can be seen in the example of Statistics Canada requiring the use of a particular proprietary operating system and software application in order to complete a mandatory Canadian Automated Export Declaration form.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/126},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {154,
	title = {Editorial: Security (June 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If you google the phrase "open source security", you{\textquoteright}ll find plenty of articles which debunk the "myth" of open source security, fuel the debate of Linus{\textquoteright} law vs. security through obscurity, or argue which type of software, proprietary or open source, is more secure. Yet, the question "which type of software is more secure?" is impossible to answer. Software security is highly dependent upon many variables: the programming language used, the practices implemented by the individual programmers, the processes imposed by the specific organization overseeing the programmers, and the configuration of the software by a particular end-user.

This issue of the OSBR examines several facets of open source security. Jake Kouns from the Open Security Foundation introduces an open source project which manages a global collection of vulnerabilities, available for free use by the information security community. David Maxwell from the Coverity Scan project discusses their report on code defect trends from an analysis of several hundred open source projects, representing 55 million lines of code, through 14,000 build sessions over a two year period. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/154},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {181,
	title = {Editorial: Social Innovation (September 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If the overwhelming response we received to this month{\textquoteright}s call for submissions is any indication, those engaged in open source are also passionate about social innovation. We could have easily published a 100 page issue, but opted instead to save some submissions for upcoming issues as they are also suited to the themes of Building Community and Enabling Innovation.

Tony Bailetti of the Talent First Network is one of the driving forces behind the OSBR. He is guest editor this month and I think you{\textquoteright}ll agree that he has done an excellent job of finding authors from industry, academia, and non-profits who are on the frontlines of social innovation in Canada.

This issue is jam-packed with resources and examples of initiatives--enough to leave you thinking "I had no idea so much was happening in Canada". They aren{\textquoteright}t meant to be exhaustive, but the insights and lessons learned can be applied to similar initiatives across the globe.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/181},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {130,
	title = {Open Source in Canada{\textquoteright}s Public Sector},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The story of the growth of open source use in Canada has been far more a matter of evolution than revolution, so quiet in its pace that its progress has been difficult to measure. This has posed many challenges to Canadian open source advocates in their efforts to ensure that their country does not lag behind the rest of the world in understanding the social and business benefits open source provides.

Perhaps some of the leading soldiers in the trenches might be our civil servants who protect the public purse. In addition to managing and minimizing the costs of delivering necessary services, public sector projects should also advance the social good through the delicate balance of transparency and efficiency.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/130},
	author = {Glenn McKnight and Evan Leibovitch}
}
@article {165,
	title = {Sharing Information on the Semantic Web: The Reminiscence of an Old Legal Issue},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The success story of open source software (OSS) makes us see very clearly that in a networked world, centralized production of information is not the only viable model. It is now largely understood that distributed production can often equal and surpass it, both in quality and quantity. This has led people in all disciplines to rethink their relationship with information, giving birth to a plethora of initiatives generating value by promoting the mass collaboration of individuals over shared sets of information. Based on rich Internet applications, wikis, social tagging or social networking technologies, these initiatives gave birth to a revolution that has been dubbed Web 2.0. Whether they originate in non-profit or business ventures, they all add up to the ever increasing mass of accessible and reusable information.

For current information hubs that have been developed through independent channels, it is anticipated that the next step in the evolution of the web will make seamless integration possible. This development should create tremendous opportunities for those capable of building innovative services and knowledge products on top of this shared knowledge base. In fact, along with the technological foundations of this web of ideas, practical commercial implementations are already starting to appear. However, these early experiments highlight the fact that the most important challenge to overcome might not reside in the technology itself. Instead, the management of rights may, more than anything else, hinder the efficient aggregation of distributed information.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/165},
	author = {Pierre-Paul Lemyre}
}
@article {139,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: The State of Open Source Software and Corporate Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On April 16, Doug Levin, CEO of Black Duck Software, gave a presentation entitled The State of Open Source Software and Corporate Software Development. This conference report presents the key messages and insights from the three sections discussed during the presentation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/139},
	author = {Doug Levin}
}
@article {81,
	title = {Editorial: Business Models (August 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {08/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = { At the close of the 20th century, Tim O{\textquoteright}Reilly wrote The Ten Myths About Open Source Software:

Do any of these still sound familiar?

   1. It{\textquoteright}s all about Linux versus Windows
   2. Open source software isn{\textquoteright}t reliable or supported
   3. Big companies don{\textquoteright}t use open source software
   4. Open source is hostile to intellectual property
   5. Open source is all about licenses
   6. If I give away my software to the open source community, thousands of developers will suddenly start working for me for nothing
   7. Open source only matters to programmers; most users never look under the hood anyway
   8. There{\textquoteright}s no money to be made on free software
   9. The open source movement isn{\textquoteright}t sustainable; people will stop developing free software once they see others making lots of money from their efforts
  10. Open source is playing catch up to Microsoft and the commercial world
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/81},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {101,
	title = {Editorial: Clean Intellectual Property (December 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As 2007 draws to a close, three emerging trends are gaining momentum. The first is that companies are releasing formerly proprietary code under an open source license. The second is that open source companies are being acquired or are issuing public offerings. The third trend is that very large number of citizens increasingly uses the Internet to oppose politicians and law makers who threaten, sometimes unwittingly, the fundamental principles of open source development.   

These three trends tie into this month{\textquoteright}s editorial theme: Clean intellectual property or clean IP. In a nutshell, clean IP is about reducing license incompatibilities and non-compliance with licensing terms. Clean IP significantly affects the value of the code released as open source and the value of a company that develops and markets software.  },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/101},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {73,
	title = {Editorial: Defining Open Source (September 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In his book Foresight and Understanding:  An Inquiry into the Aims of Science, Stephen Toulmin wrote "Definitions are like belts. The shorter they are, the more elastic they need to be. A short belt reveals nothing about its wearer: by stretching, it can be made to fit almost anybody."

Keep in mind the nature of elasticity while reading through this issue of the OSBR. The theme this month is "Defining Open Source"; however, you{\textquoteright}ll find that the articles build upon and extend both the Open Source Definition and the Free Software Definition. This stretching in order to fit almost anybody is bound to make the open source purist uncomfortable; it is our intent to provoke thought and we look forward to receiving and publishing reader feedback.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/73},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Editorial: Introducing the OSBR (July 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Welcome from the Editor.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/92},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Editorial: Licensing (October 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In his book Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual 
Property Law, Lawrence Rosen defines licensing as "the legal way a copyright and patent owner grants permission to others to use his intellectual property". When you consider that  the bread and butter of a company usually revolves around its intellectual property, it{\textquoteright}s not suprising that open source licenses are often regarded with suspicion. How is it possible for a company{\textquoteright}s interests to be protected by a license written by another party? And how can a company provide "open" access to its intellectual property without "giving away the store"?

Simon Phipps, Chief Open Source Officer for Sun Microsystems, once stated in an interview: "While open source licensing lets people have access...this doesn{\textquoteright}t have to mean that chaos ensues." This issue of the OSBR provides insights to help navigate the chaos that is often associated with open source licenses.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/62},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Editorial: Support (November 2007)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {What is your first thought when you encounter the term "open source support"? A programmer typing the answer to a question using a chat utility? Hours spent scouring the Internet for a working configuration sample? Contacting a support engineer at a commercial call centre? If you find it difficult to think about a support engineer, you{\textquoteright}re not alone. Actuate{\textquoteright}s recently published 2007 Open Source Survey of senior personnel from financial services, Telco, and public sector organizations across North America and Europe indicates that 46.3\% of respondents cite the lack of availability of long term support as a major barrier to their company{\textquoteright}s adoption of open source technologies. },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/53},
	author = {Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {102,
	title = {Improving Application Development by Managing Licensing Issues},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over the past ten years, the Internet and open source software (OSS) have enabled developers to fundamentally change the way they produce software.  Increasingly, distributed teams are collaborating to assemble software from reusable components and their own proprietary code rather than building applications entirely from scratch. 

The component-based development model is fundamentally changing the software industry. It enables organizations that develop software, either for commercial sale or for in-house use, to accelerate project timelines, improve software quality, and reduce development costs. If not managed properly, the complexity inherent in this new world of mixed-IP (Intellectual Property) can pose business and technical risks to an organization. 

This paper draws on the experiences of the Black Duck Software team, our customers, and other industry experts to propose new approaches to managing IP in this new world. It describes a set of best practices that companies can use to avoid the risks and gain the benefits of the component-based approach to software development.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/102},
	author = {Doug Levin}
}
@article {82,
	title = {Open Source Telecommunication Companies},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {08/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Little is known about companies whose core business is selling telecommunications products that lever open source projects. Open source telecommunications (OST) companies operate in markets that are very different from typical software product markets. The telecommunications market is regulated, vertically integrated, and proprietary designs and special chips are widely used. For a telecommunications product to be useful, it must interact with both access network products and core network products. Due to specifications in Service Agreements Levels, penalties for failures of telecommunications products are very high.

This article shares information that is not widely known, including a list of OST companies and the open source projects on which they depend, the size and diversity of venture capital investment in OST companies, the nature of the commercial product-open source software and company-project relationships, ways in which OST companies make money, benefits and risks of OST companies, and competition between OST companies. Analysis of this information provides insights into the ways in which companies can build business models around open source software. These findings will be of interest to entrepreneurs, top management teams of incumbent companies that sell telecommunications products, and those who care about Ontario{\textquoteright}s ability to compete globally. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/82},
	author = {Peter Liu}
}
@article {79,
	title = {Q\&A. What is the state of open source in public administration?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {What is the state of open source in public administration?},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/79},
	author = {Christian Meloche and Luc Lalande}
}
